【導讀】在測區(qū)內(nèi)，按測量任務所要求的精度，測定一系列控制點的平面位置和高程，建立起測量控制網(wǎng)，作為各種測量的基礎，這種測量工作稱為控制測量。分為平面控制測量和高程控制測量。平面控制網(wǎng)與高程控制網(wǎng)一般分。別單獨布設，也可以布設成三維控制網(wǎng)。控制網(wǎng)具有控制全局，限制測量誤差累積的作用，是各項測量工作的依據(jù)。要求每點與較多的鄰點相互通視，在隱蔽地區(qū)常需建造較高的覘標。波測距儀的發(fā)展，導線測量的應用日益廣泛。定邊長后即可進行解算。此法檢核條件少，推算方位角的精度較低。測區(qū)高程應采用國家統(tǒng)一高程系統(tǒng)。高差而求出高程的，其精度低于水準測量。盡可能消除地球曲率和大氣垂直折光的影響，每邊均應相向觀測。又稱國家高程控制網(wǎng)。并在驗潮站附近設置永久性水準原。平均海面的高程,作為國家水準網(wǎng)推算高程的基準。當測區(qū)面積較小時，可將其視為平面。測量平差是用最小二乘法原理處理各種觀測結(jié)果的理論和計算方法。

　　

【正文】 ares. The precise definition of data from a determination to seek the dependence between variables, this function is called empirical formula. Least square method to find approximate linear relationship between the empirical formula, assuming that the number of experiments between the measured variables, ..., then the plane, you can get one, this graph is called a scatter can roughly be seen from the figure these points generally scattered in a straight line close by, we believe are approximately a linear function solving steps described below, consider the letter, which is to be determined constant. if a line can be considered variables of relationships. But generally speaking, these points can not in a straight line., Which reflects the straightto describe, when puting the actual deviations. Of course, the smaller the required bias as possible, but the can be positive or negative, can not believe that the total bias, the letter reflected the good relationship between the variables, because this time the absolute value of each deviation can be large. In order to improve this deficiency, to consider instead. However, because the absolute value operation is not easy to resolve, therefore, further to measure the total deviation. Because of the square and the smallest deviation can ensure that every deviation will not be great, so the question es down to do the regular, minimum, this method is established, the method is called least squares. Least squares method is a mathematical optimization technology, which minimizes the square error and find the best function of a set of data matching is the most simple way to obtain the true value of some absolutely unknown. Surveying Adjustment widely used measurement is the measurement data based on least square approach, which is directly measured using observational data collection (observation vector), then use this observation data (observation vector) bined adjustment model, estimated by measuring the results of the process of estimation a mathematical statistics in the famous least squares. Adjustment in the measurement results including the measurement and characterization results of this measurement uncertainty standard deviation (in error). Survey Adjustment Act is essentially equivalent to the random measurement error was effectively reduced (larger amount of data collected, less the better, until it is almost elimination), the right of the range measurement error is nondeterministic systems (ie, inconsistent with the size of the level of nondeterministic system error) for a reasonable allocation, but the right medium for measurement of nondeterministic system error (that is, the level of the same size nondeterministic system error) did not play a role to eliminate or weaken. Therefore, the measurement results obtained after adjustment of the standard deviation (in error), but characterization of the random effects due to measurement uncertainty (degree), is the random ponent of measurement uncertainty, in order to fully characterize measurement uncertainty (degree of ), also need to consider the systematic effects caused by uncertainty (degree) and be synthesized. Survey Adjustment Act They include a certain amount of onsite measurement conditions, but the measurement results (adjusted results) in which only measured the scope of a parameter value (random error). Metrological measurement objective is to determine the value being measured. Uncertainty is the result of measuring the quality of quantitative characterization of measurement results presentation must also include the values given are measured and correlated with the uncertainty of measurement is the plete and meaningful. Characterization of measurement uncertainty with the measurement uncertainty, we should consider the effect of systematic errors of measurement, but also considered the effect of random errors in measurements, strictly speaking also considered measurements of the fuzzy effect, it has a strict measurement uncertainty scientific and rigorous, and is the measurement uncertainty of accurate description. Random error (adjusted results) is due to random factors or measurement effect caused by the truth value relative to the deviation being measured such factors or random effects, repeated measurements will result in the dispersion of measurement values. This shows that the random error with random uncertainty, this uncertainty is the value of the specific characteristics of the dispersion of the random error belongs to uncertainty in the amount of the mathematical expectation (mean) is zero. Discussed above, the adjustment results of the measurement results in the metrology measurement uncertainty, the only one uncertainty ponent. Because the measurements are the true value, systematic error, random error (in error) the synthesis of the three volume, so the amount of uncertainty by the uncertainty of these three decisions, research should Uncertainty by the uncertainty of the three volume set. Only consider the random uncertainty, is not fully objective.