【正文】 0。B.It helped to spend less money on food.C.It brought about a struggle against the rich.D.It led to great changes in society.（3）Why didn39。t people smile in pictures painted hundreds of years ago? A.They lived a hard life.B.Their teeth looked terrible.C.They were not friendly.D.They preferred to look serious.（4）What is mainly discussed in the text? A.The ways to make life easier.B.The importance of the ordinary in history.C.The increasing interest in microhistory.D.Unknown people who invented small things.【答案】 （1）A（2）D（3）B（4）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文。論述了關(guān)注社會(huì)中普通人的重要性。 （1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“All the ordinary decisions we make and ordinary things we do are society in action.”及第二段中的“But has he been of more benefit to humanity than the unknown person who invented the first really fortable shoe? Try thinking great thoughts when your feet hurt.”可知第一個(gè)發(fā)明舒適的鞋的未知人的重要性。作者以此來印證普通人和普通人的想法的重要性。故選A。 （2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“According to historian Catherine Gallagher, the potato was once a matter of great argument. ”以及“ It seems that European socialism started with an argument about vegetables.” 可知作者在文中提到了potato,而恰恰是對(duì)potato的討論帶來了社會(huì)的變革。故選D。 （3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“It is all because of dentistry, he says. Once people were able to look after their teeth, they began to smile and the world became a happier place”可推斷當(dāng)人們會(huì)照料自己的牙齒的時(shí)候,人們才敢笑,這表明在此之前人不敢笑,是因?yàn)樗麄兊难例X很糟糕。故選B。 （4）考查主旨大意。本文主題為The importance of the ordinary in history,（歷史中普通人的重要性）各段落緊扣主題內(nèi)容,論證了作者在本文中的觀點(diǎn)普通人是很重要的。故選B。 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及推理判斷和主旨大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇教育類閱讀，要求考生根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。8．閱讀理解 Ronald Reagan ever said, It39。s true hard work never killed anybody, but I figure, why take the chance? To some extent, extra effort seems to be selfdefeating. Studies suggest that, after 50 hours a week, employee productivity falls sharply. But that doesn39。t stop some managers from demanding that workers stay chained to their desk for long periods. Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, recently praised the 996 model, where employees work from 9 . to 9 ., 6 days a week, as a huge blessing. Apparently, presenteeism (出勤主義) is the curse of the modern office worker. There will be days when you do not have much to do: perhaps because you are waiting for someone else in a different department, or a different pany, to respond to a request. As the clock ticks past 5 pm, there may be no purpose in staying at your desk. But you can see your boss hard at work and, more importantly, they can see you. So you make an effort to look busy. Some of this may be a selfcontinuing cycle. If bosses do not like to go home before their employees, and employees fear leaving before their bosses, everyone is trapped. Staff may feel that they will not get a pay rise, or a promotion, if they are not seen to be putting in maximum effort. This is easily confused with long hours. Managers, who are often no good at judging employees39。 performance, use time in the office as a measure. The consequence is often wasted effort. We pretend to work and managers pretend to believe us. Rather than work hard, you try to make bosses think that you are. Leaving a jacket on your office chair, walking around purposefully with a notebook and sending out s at odd hours are three of the bestknown tricks. After a while this can result in collective selfdelusion that this pretence is actual work. But presenteeism has more serious consequences. It is perhaps most mon in Japan, where people attend the office even when they are in disfort. In doing so, they are doing neither themselves nor their employers any favours. As well as reducing productivity, this can increase medical expenses for the employer. According to a study in the Journal of Occupation and Environmental Medicine, these costs can be six times higher for employers than the costs of absenteeism among workers. Those workers were more likely to experience greater pain and to suffer from depression. In the evolution of humanity, presenteeism is a recent phenomenon. In the industrial era, workers were paid not for their output but for their time, and were required to clock in and out. But modern machinery like smartphones and laptops is portable. Turning an office into a prison, with prisoners allowed home for the evenings, does nothing for the creativity that is increasingly demanded of office workers as routine tasks are automated. To be productive you need presence of mind, not being present in the flesh.（1）What can we learn from Paragraph2and Paragraph 3? A.Employees often have to work extra hours.B.Extra effort improves employees39。 productivity.C.996 model is well received around the world.D.Both bosses and employees are devoted to their jobs.（2）What does the underlined This in Paragraph 4 refer to? A.Hoping to get a pay rise.B.Going home after the boss.C.Putting in maximum effort.D.Judging employees39。 performance.（3）Which of the following is one the results of longtime presenteeism? A.Reducing medical costs of employees.B.Making employees more hardworking.C.Increasing the petition among employees.D.Worsening employees39。 physical and mental condition.（4）What does the author want to tell us in the last paragraph? A.Employees should be treated as prisoners.B.Productivity can39。t be measured by presenteeism now.C.Office tasks usually can39。t be carried out automatically.D.Office workers should be allowed to be absentminded.【答案】 （1）A（2）C（3）D（4）B 【解析】【分析】本文作者主要針對(duì)員工加班問題提出看法：長時(shí)間的加班不僅工作效率低下，還造成身體不適，想要提高效率，必須是身心俱在的狀態(tài)，不能只是形式上的出勤主義。 （1）推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章3段，第二段講的是馬云贊成996工作制，第三段講的是你努力讓自己看上去很忙。As the clock ticks past 5 pm, there may be no purpose in staying at your desk. But you can see your boss hard at wo