【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 in a certain period of time measurement of the expected default probability of loan enterprise。Secondly, calculate the bank loans, the loss ratio of standard deviation, Third, attrition rate and standard deviation of personal loan business on the basis of the expected default probability and loans within a certain time, counting from the individual bank loans expected loss and unexpected loss.(2)Perfect the system of separation of approving First of all, set up special organizations, responsible for the performance loan credit audit mittee is responsible for credit risk , reduce the number of the members of the mittee for examination and approval, to strengthen the credit decision support , designed for examination and approval by staff, and provide information by a third party survey to evaluate borrowers, lending material for validation, and verify the submitted.(3)Improve the internal management system of mercial banks First of all, in terms of operational risk control, mercial banks should first develop operational risk classification and grading standard, unified risk assessment and measurement standard of the control risks, to carry out the bank card, electronic banking channels, information science and technology in areas such as risk assessment, using risk identification, operation risk and control selfassessment, loss of data analysis methods and tools such as qualitative quantitative judgment risks and risk level, and establish the mechanism of rectification , pay attention to the introduction of information management system of credit management information system(CMSI)to bank credit decisionmaking and bank credit risk management has the vital significance, and information systems rely on puter for risk measurement and supervision, can greatly improve the efficiency of Because the bank bad debt and bad debt continues to increase, the bank’s credit management has bee a very important problem, our country mercial bank credit risk prevention and control is the most pressing problem, must cause enough attention and take effective measures to prevent at present, most banks have done careful, separation, divisions piling system of industry as the basis for examination and approval of the credit loan project personalized prominent, difference is very big, project budget, source of repayment uncertainty of higher risk , china’s mercial banks is necessary to strengthen the research of the credit risk, perfecting its corresponding management mechanism.第二篇：英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯數(shù)字印刷的未來北大方正的董事長劉小琨在國際論壇上對于印刷技術(shù)的發(fā)展的發(fā)言在我們外國友人介紹了他們的數(shù)字印刷技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新后，我想借這次機(jī)會去介紹北大方正對于印刷業(yè)的想法。北大方正是一個基于它擁有自己的偉大的獨立的技術(shù)，服務(wù)與全球媒體行業(yè)的技術(shù)公司。我們提供一個先進(jìn)的商業(yè)模式和一個廣闊的市場營銷觀點。我們提供報紙和出版行業(yè)的一個從最初的內(nèi)容到最終的內(nèi)容出版的完整的應(yīng)用程序解決方案。我們提供商業(yè)印刷公司印刷過程的一個完整的解決方案和印前，印刷，印后的管理，并提供政府機(jī)關(guān)完整和可靠的系統(tǒng)制作和發(fā)送官方文件。數(shù)字印刷和北大方正的造詣作為數(shù)字印刷，我相信它包含三個方面，第一方面是數(shù)字化的生產(chǎn)流程，第二個方面是印刷過程，第三個方面是管理。首先，我想去解釋生產(chǎn)流程的數(shù)字化。生產(chǎn)流程的數(shù)字化包括排版，imposition，打樣，制版，印刷，印前JDF指令和工作流程。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)流程已經(jīng)包含越來越多的項目。印刷技術(shù)已經(jīng)改變了激光圖像雕刻到CTP和數(shù)字印刷，從印前的數(shù)字化到印前，印刷和印后的集成。數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)流程是數(shù)字印刷的基礎(chǔ)。它是效率、質(zhì)量和成本的一個重要保證。生產(chǎn)流程的數(shù)字化將必然導(dǎo)致印刷內(nèi)容的數(shù)字化。數(shù)字化文件基于更方便長距離傳輸?shù)奈募袷健＿@需要我們?nèi)?chuàng)建一個可存儲、查詢和轉(zhuǎn)載的印刷文件數(shù)據(jù)庫，提供印刷購買者較好的印刷服務(wù)。電子通訊、圖書和雜志已經(jīng)成為印刷媒體多次輸入及輸出技術(shù)的一個重要的完整的模型技術(shù)。最后，管理數(shù)字化已成為印刷數(shù)字化的一個重要的部分。管理數(shù)字化包括設(shè)置印刷服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它指的是自動提供更快的服務(wù)報價，跟蹤工作等等。管理數(shù)字化還包括加強員工和財產(chǎn)資源的管理，項目管理的準(zhǔn)確的項目計算，客戶關(guān)系管理系統(tǒng)的市場和銷售數(shù)據(jù)庫的實現(xiàn)，以及編輯、印刷、分工的集成管理。管理數(shù)字化已經(jīng)越來越緊跟生產(chǎn)流程的數(shù)字化的腳步。印刷數(shù)字化的這三個方面是我的觀點。那么方正在這三個方面已經(jīng)做了或者實現(xiàn)了什么呢？ 方正在生產(chǎn)流程的數(shù)字化的實現(xiàn)是包含一下產(chǎn)品在內(nèi)的，包括方正FIT頁面布局軟件，Wenhe 拼版軟件，EagleProof，EagleDot 數(shù)碼打樣，語言文體庫，RIP，打印控制器，ElecRoc 工作流程和CTP，EasiPrint 數(shù)碼印刷系統(tǒng)和SuperLine 防偽系統(tǒng)。同時在印刷內(nèi)容數(shù)字化中，方正有多媒體內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)和數(shù)字化資產(chǎn)管理印刷系統(tǒng)。我們在數(shù)字化管理上也有RIP和分配系統(tǒng)。對于數(shù)字化印刷，方正已經(jīng)做了很多貢獻(xiàn)。我們現(xiàn)在看看全球印前數(shù)字化的進(jìn)程。CTF已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了它的發(fā)展的最后階段。CTF已經(jīng)在其發(fā)展的頂峰。數(shù)字化彩色印刷正在迅速發(fā)展。數(shù)碼印刷的全球趨勢數(shù)字化印前軟件的全球進(jìn)程是怎樣呢？我們可以看到，RIP應(yīng)用程序已經(jīng)達(dá)到了頂峰。印刷和可變數(shù)據(jù)印刷正迅速發(fā)展，同時完整綜合的印刷工作流程在穩(wěn)健地發(fā)展