【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 e given below: （意義段：利）…（現(xiàn)象段：描述），我們應(yīng)該…（建議段）Creating a Green Campus （意義段：利）The idea of “Green Life” has gained wide popularity among Chinese people, and it is of great significance for universities to build green green environment, it is impossible for college students to have an enjoyable life in the Ivory addition, green campus may broaden/consolidate students’ awareness of environmental …（現(xiàn)象段：描述）主題句：In addition to the green environment, green campuses also refer to students’ behaviors or ,(舉例)taking a look around, we can find a great many examples of inappropriate behaviors：(排比)some discard litters everywhere。some students cheat in tests。some waste food on canteens。some are always late for classes。some guys even watch pornographic or violent films in fact, it has bee a trend for many students to turn a blind eye to their own bad ，我們應(yīng)該…（建議段）(主題句)Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take measures to maintain green campuses.(建議1法規(guī))First, it is essential that regulations should be worked out to ban these negative behaviors.(建議2發(fā)動(dòng)群眾)Then, we should educate, advocate and encourage our classmates, friends and acquaintances to refuse all uncivilized acts.(未來展望)If we try our best to do so, the future of our college life will be hopeful, promising and 、連貫、句子結(jié)構(gòu)詞多變1)句子銜接：and, but, so。however, nonetheless 2)邏輯銜接：起承轉(zhuǎn)合起：In contemporary society, on many campuses, currently, first, to begin with, first and foremost, first of all 承： Second, Third, Last, Next, Then, finally, meanwhile, in addition, furthermore, besides, in the first /second place, for one thing, for another, last but not the least 轉(zhuǎn)：However, but, on the contrary, On the other hand, yet , although, by contrast, while, whereas, instead, nevertheless, otherwise 合：（因此)As a result, Therefore, Thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as consequence, as a result。(總之)：In a word , In short, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize第三篇：2013年6月四級(jí)寫作備考新思路“功能段落”法2013年6月四級(jí)寫作備考新思路“功能段落”法文/石雷鵬2012年12月四、六級(jí)迎來了“多題多卷”形式。那么，“多題多卷”的時(shí)代寫作應(yīng)該如何備考？筆者結(jié)合四級(jí)閱卷，從試題特點(diǎn)、快速提分方略和寫作復(fù)習(xí)三個(gè)角度給各位尚在迷茫中的考生獻(xiàn)策。一、試題特點(diǎn)：“跑題”的那些事關(guān)于“多題多卷”：即一個(gè)考場同時(shí)使用多張?jiān)嚲韺?duì)考生進(jìn)行測試。但是，“多題多卷”更多體現(xiàn)在閱讀、完型、選詞填空、翻譯部分，聽力和寫作在同一考場內(nèi)則相同。據(jù)筆者了解，同一考區(qū)內(nèi)（如北京考區(qū)）的寫作試題一致且2012年12月的四級(jí)寫作部分全國只有兩套考題。寫作部分相同主要是考慮到閱卷的信度和效度，聽力相同主要是放音設(shè)備的限制。關(guān)于“跑題”：12年12月四級(jí)考了圖表作文，閱卷中發(fā)現(xiàn)題目為“Education Pays”，主題為“不同教育背景者之間收入差異”的作文，多半學(xué)生不切題。部分原因是多數(shù)考生準(zhǔn)備不全面，尤其對(duì)于圖表作文備考不足，甚至毫無準(zhǔn)備，造成心理障礙；更多原因是臨場審題不周導(dǎo)致理解出現(xiàn)偏差。如何避免跑題？首先，“多題多卷”是未來大勢(shì)所趨，寫作命題預(yù)計(jì)也會(huì)朝多題方向發(fā)展，因此建議考生全面?zhèn)淇颊撜f文、應(yīng)用文、圖表或圖畫作文。有備無患，不打無準(zhǔn)備之仗。其次，根據(jù)2011年12月當(dāng)時(shí)閱卷的官方對(duì)于“全英文命題形式”的表述為：“既考寫作又考理解”。因此，全英文的作文審題應(yīng)該注意三個(gè)方面：1）體裁和話題；2）內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)（漢語提綱或英文要求）；3）字?jǐn)?shù)。以2012年12月四級(jí)為例，真題如下：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Education Pays based on the statistics provided in the chart below(Weekly earnings in 2010).Please give a brief description of the chart first and then make ments on should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 “Essay”，閱卷中居然有一位同學(xué)令人難以置信的寫了一封信，因此被扣分；話題為“Education Pays”，很多同學(xué)望文生義，看到“education”表示教育，“pay”表示付款，就將題目簡單理解為“教育付出”，而忽略了英文形式的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：“based on the statistics provided in the chart below(Weekly earnings in 2010).Please give a brief description of the chart first and then make ments on it.”該寫作要求可以翻譯為：“作文應(yīng)基于以上圖表（2010年周薪）所給數(shù)據(jù)。首先對(duì)圖表內(nèi)容簡要描述，然后再對(duì)圖表內(nèi)容進(jìn)行評(píng)論?！庇绕涫恰癢eekly earnings”表“每周的收入”，此外還有圖表題目“Education: a worthy investment”告訴我們“教育是一項(xiàng)有回報(bào)的投資”，那么重點(diǎn)一定是在教育的回報(bào)上。綜合所有信息，Education Pays的正確理解應(yīng)該為“教育回報(bào)或收益”。對(duì)于字?jǐn)?shù)，官方要求是120到180，筆者建議字?jǐn)?shù)為140到160之間即可，因?yàn)槿绻粚?20內(nèi)容可能不夠詳實(shí)，但寫的越多犯錯(cuò)的幾率也越高。二、快速提分方略很多年同學(xué)寫作復(fù)習(xí)熱衷于考前背誦模板。但單純依靠模板不是最有效的方法，因?yàn)槟０宓膶懽魉悸肥撬赖摹⑹枪潭ǖ?，但考題的思路很可能與模板不同，如果死背模板導(dǎo)致“所背非所考”導(dǎo)致心理慌亂。其次，閱卷發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多模板句式是陳詞濫調(diào)且被考生高度重復(fù)使用，如“With the development of our society, more and more ?.”, “There has been a heated discussion revolving around this issue of whether people should do sth?”和結(jié)尾處寫“Only by doing so, can we ?..”或者“As far as I am concerned, ?”。高度重復(fù)導(dǎo)致必然閱卷時(shí)審美疲勞甚至厭煩從而影響作文得分。但是，無論考試如何變化，寫作部分總會(huì)給出話題和寫作要求。如果按各個(gè)“寫作要求”去寫相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容或段落，就做到“一段對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)或多個(gè)寫作要求”，這就是“功能段落”的基本思路。歷年寫作要求（無論是英文形式還是漢語提綱）可以總結(jié)為六個(gè)功能：現(xiàn)象描述、危害分析（弊）、原因、建議、觀點(diǎn)（支持或反方）、意義（利）。功能段落按照題目要求的排列組合就是一篇完整的文章，筆者建議考生作文寫成三段，且中間段落為主體，字?jǐn)?shù)上應(yīng)多于首段和尾段。近年真題解的功能段落解析如下：2012年12月作文題目為Education Pays, 寫作要求為英文形式：“based on the statistics provided in the chart below(Weekly earnings in 2010).Please give a brief description of the chart first and then make ments on ：考生應(yīng)首先對(duì)圖表所反映的“現(xiàn)象”進(jìn)行描述；評(píng)論內(nèi)容可寫“收入差異的原因”、“教育的意義”；尾段可以寫“建議”或“觀點(diǎn)”均可。2012年6月作文題目為On Excessive Packaging, 寫作要求為三條漢語提綱：：本次作文可寫三個(gè)段落，對(duì)應(yīng)四項(xiàng)內(nèi)容依次為：現(xiàn)象、原因、觀點(diǎn)+建議。2011年12月題目為 Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will，寫作要求為英文形式：by menting on the humorous saying, “Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the 39。ve done it hundreds of times.”解析：本次作文可寫三個(gè)功能，首段為對(duì)“戒煙”現(xiàn)象的描述和看法，中間段落論述“堅(jiān)強(qiáng)意志力的意義”，尾段提出“建議”。201106：題目為Online Shopping，寫作要求為三條漢語提綱： 1．現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已成為一種時(shí)尚2．網(wǎng)上購物有很多好處，但也有不少問題 3．我的建議解析：本次四級(jí)對(duì)應(yīng)四個(gè)段落分別是：現(xiàn)象、利弊分析和建議。201012：How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? 寫作要求為三條漢語提綱：, 父母應(yīng)該??解析：該題目只有兩個(gè)提綱：現(xiàn)象和建議，可以添加一個(gè)原因功能段落。這篇作文就是“三段論”的形式：現(xiàn)象、原因和建議。2010年6月CET也屬于該種那類型。200912：Creating a Green Campus，寫作要求為三條漢語提綱： ?? ，我們應(yīng)該??解析：該段對(duì)應(yīng)提綱如下：首段寫綠色校園的“意義”、二段由抽象概念聯(lián)想到具體“現(xiàn)象”，尾段提出“建議”。綜上分析，六種“功能段落”按照“寫作要求”的排列組合就構(gòu)成近年真題的文章。因此，如果能夠掌握住六種功能段落的寫作實(shí)際就掌握了四、六級(jí)考試寫作考題的最本質(zhì)特征。如此，無論題目如何變化，考生只要結(jié)合“審題三要素”，然后按照題目要求寫相應(yīng)的“功能段落”就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)跑題，這樣的準(zhǔn)備思路是靈活的；反之，死背模板容易導(dǎo)致生搬硬套，甚至文不對(duì)題，導(dǎo)致失分。因此，“功能段落”和“功能表達(dá)”的積累就是快速提分和寫作備考的關(guān)鍵。例如表“現(xiàn)象”的“功能表達(dá)”之一的基本框架可以是：In contemporary society, it has bee a trend for _____ to “寫作要求”替換個(gè)別詞匯來寫多次四級(jí)考試作文。2012年12月首段：In 2010, it had bee a trend for people with higher degrees to earn more money in a week in ：In contemporary society, it has bee a trend for many stores to package their goods or products ：In our daily life, it is a mon phenomenon for smokers without strong will to have difficulty quitting ：In contemporary society, it has bee a fashion for people to purchase a variety of goods from the ：In contemporary families, it has bee a trend for many parents to prepare everything for their : On many campuses or schools, it has bee a trend for many students to pay less attention to spelling in English learning.“功