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2021 年福州中考 “閱讀理解 ”題中有這樣一段話: People are often killed while crossing the road . Most of them are old people and children . Old people are often killed because they usually can’t see or hear very well . Children are often killed because they are careless. 句子中的 “careless”是生詞,因此,針對(duì)這一生詞,設(shè)計(jì)了如下一道題,涉及詞義猜測: The word “ careless” means ______. A. careful B. not careful C. take care D. more careful 中考 “閱讀理解 ”題中的 “詞義猜測 ”,并不要求考生根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去分析單詞的詞義,而是要求考生根 據(jù)有關(guān)信息對(duì)生詞的詞義進(jìn)行推斷性的猜測。上文指出:老年人過街死于車禍?zhǔn)且驗(yàn)?“耳不聰,目不明 ” ( Old people are often killed because they usually can’t see or hear very well. ),那么,小 孩子過街死于車禍的原因是什么呢?當(dāng)然,不可能是 “小心謹(jǐn)慎 ”( careful , take care),也不會(huì)是 “更小心謹(jǐn)慎 ”( more careful),只可能是 careful 的反義詞 “not careful”。因此, careless 的詞義是 not careful(粗心大意)便顯而易見??梢姡@種詞義猜測也是建立在對(duì)上下文的正確理解 之上的。 3. 利用信息,舉一反三。例如: 2021 四川省中考 “閱讀理解 ”題短文( A)中有這樣兩段話: Most English people have three names : a first name , a middle name and the family name . For example , my full name is Jim Allan Green . Green is my family name . My parents gave me both of my other names. People don’t often use their middle names very much . So “ John Henry Brown” is usually called “ John Brown” . 該短文談到英國和美國人的姓氏規(guī)律。短文最后有如下一個(gè)問題: If your American friend’s name is Lucy Smith , _______. A. Lucy is her family name B. Smith is her family name C. Smith is her given name [解題指導(dǎo)] 由于國情不同,英美人的姓名與我們中國人的姓氏規(guī)律是不同的。我們中國人的姓名是姓在前, “名 ” 在后。短文中對(duì)英國人的姓氏規(guī)律提供了如下信息: Jim Allan Green 如果是全名( full name)的話, Green 是 “姓 ”( Green is my family name. ) , Jim Allan 則相當(dāng)于中國人的 “名 ”( My parents gave me both of my other names. )。同時(shí),英國人不常用中間那個(gè)名字( People don’t often use their middle names very much. )因此,一般叫作 “John Brown”。當(dāng)然,其中的 “Brown”仍為 “姓 ” ( family name)。 此題中的美國朋友被稱為 Lucy Smith ,根據(jù) “John Henry Brown”可以化簡為 “John Brown”, “Brown”仍為 “姓 ”( family name)這個(gè)信息,舉一反三,不難看出 “Lucy Smith”中的 “Smith”是這 位美國朋友的 “姓 ”( family name)。故此題的答案為: B. Smith is her family name。 4. 縱觀全文,概括大意。例如: 2021 年廣州中考 “閱讀理解 ”短文( A)談到大海中的鯊魚,文后有這樣一道題: This passage is about ______. A. what a shark is B. the best place to swim in C. how to swim safely D. how to ride on sharks 解答這類題的關(guān)鍵在于找出主題句。一般來說,一篇文章中暗示主題的句子通常在文章的第一段或最后 一段。但要注意,對(duì)這類題目的解答不能停留在對(duì)原文中某個(gè)詞語或句子理解的水平上,而必須對(duì)文章的有 關(guān)信息或全部信息進(jìn)行必要的加工、處理,進(jìn)而達(dá)到語篇水平上的理解才能正確選擇,切忌以點(diǎn)代面,以偏 概全。 首先,不妨觀察此文第一段: A shark is a large , fierce fish . What will you do if you meet a shark while you are swimming ? One man who knows all about sharks has given some rules to help you swim safely. 盡管此文談到鯊魚許多方面的生活習(xí)性,但是,其出發(fā)點(diǎn)是通過了解鯊魚的生活習(xí)性,告誡人們游泳時(shí) 如何保護(hù)自己。比較該文前幾段的第一句: Don’t swim in waters where th ere are sharks. If you see a shark , swim slowly for the shore. If Mr. Shark es too close , put your head under water. But what to do if he still keeps ing after you ? [解題指導(dǎo)]顯然,縱觀全文,不難看出,答案: C. how to swim safely. 比其它選擇項(xiàng)更能概括全 文的大意。 如果抓住短文中的只言片語,就把它確定為一篇文章的主題,則難免偏離主題,犯 “以偏概全 ” 的錯(cuò)誤。 5. 深入理解,符合邏輯。例如: 2021 年四川 “閱讀理解 ”短文題( I)的故事性很強(qiáng)。該短文講述某地地震期間,為保證安全,父母決 定把孩子 Johnny 送到伯父 Peter 家。伯父同意了,但是強(qiáng)調(diào) “but I’m not used to children . I live a very quiet and peaceful life. ”兩天后, Peter發(fā)來電報(bào):電文是: “Am returning child . Please send earthquake. ”不妨譯為