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C1 and SAC $8. Point B is on the LAC because it is a least cost plant for a given output. $10 Q1 $8 B A LAC SAC3 SMC3 43 范圍經(jīng)濟 優(yōu)勢: ? 資本和勞動的聯(lián)合運用; ? 管理資源的分享; ? 勞動技術(shù)和機器類型的共用。 產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換曲線: ? 廠商應(yīng)選擇兩種產(chǎn)品各自的產(chǎn)量, ? 斜率為負;凹向原點; PP45 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟與范圍經(jīng)濟不存在必然關(guān)系。 44 Product Transformation Curve Number of cars Number of tractors O2 O1 illustrates a low level of output. O2 illustrates a higher level of output with two times as much labor and capital. O1 Each curve shows binations of output with a given bination of L K. 45 范圍經(jīng)濟程度 衡量了范圍經(jīng)濟帶來的成本節(jié)約: ? SC 0 , 范圍經(jīng)濟; ? SC 0, 范圍不經(jīng)濟 。 )()()()C( SC2,12,121CCQCQ ???46 學(xué)習(xí)曲線 學(xué)習(xí)曲線 ? 反映了工人經(jīng)驗對生產(chǎn)成本的影響,描繪了企業(yè)累積產(chǎn)出與企業(yè)生產(chǎn)單位產(chǎn)出所需投入數(shù)量之間的關(guān)系。圖 PP48。 ? 新企業(yè)通常會有學(xué)習(xí)曲線(而非規(guī)模經(jīng)濟),老企業(yè)有相對較小的學(xué)習(xí)收益。 學(xué)習(xí)曲線的含義: ? 單位產(chǎn)出的勞動需求隨產(chǎn)量增加而下降; ? 開始時成本較高,此后因?qū)W習(xí)而下降。 47 The Learning Curve Hours of labor per machine lot 10 20 30 40 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 The horizontal axis measures the cumulative number of hours of machine tools the firm has produced The vertical axis measures the number of hours of labor needed to produce each lot. 48 Economies of Scale Versus Learning Output Cost ($ per unit of output) AC1 B Economies of Scale A AC2 Learning C 49 三、利潤最大化與競爭性供給 50 廠商目標(biāo) 廠商(長期)利潤最大化 VS 收入 /紅利/短期利潤最大化 ? 非長期利潤最大化的目標(biāo)在長期尺度上不能得到投資者的支持; ? 缺少利潤支持,廠商也無法存活; ? 長期利潤最大化目標(biāo)與廠商的利他行為并不矛盾。 51 邊際收益、邊際成本與利潤最大化 廠商利潤函數(shù): 收益 成本分析: )()()( qCqRq ??? orqCqR 0 q: whenmaximiz ed are Profit s????????? ?MC (q)MR (q) that so0 ??? MCMR52 Comparing R(q) and C(q) ? Output levels: 0 q0: ? C(q) R(q) ? Negative profit ? FC + VC R(q) ? MR MC ? Indicates higher profit at higher output 0 Cost, Revenue, Profit ($s per year) Output (units per year) R(q) C(q) A B q0 q* )(q?Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization 53 Comparing R(q) and C(q) ? Question: Why is profit negative when output is zero? Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization R(q) 0 Cost, Revenue, Profit $ (per year) Output (units per year) C(q) A B q0 q* )(q?54 Comparing R(q) and C(q) ? Output levels: q0 q* ? R(q) C(q) ? MR MC ? Indicates higher profit at higher output ? Profit is increasing R(q) 0 Cost, Revenue, Profit $ (per year) Output (units per year) C(q) A B q0 q* )(q?Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization 55 Comparing R(q) and C(q) ? Output level: q* ? R(q) C(q) ? MR = MC ? Profit is maximized R(q) 0 Cost, Revenue, Profit $ (per year) Output (units per year) C(q) A B q0 q* )(q?Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization 56 Question ? Why is profit reduced when producing more or less than q*? R(q) 0 Cost, Revenue, Profit $ (per year) Output (units per year) C(q) A B q0 q* )(q?Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization 57 Comparing R(q) and C(q) ? Output levels beyond q*: ? R(q) C(q) ? MC MR ? Profit is decreasing Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization R(q) 0 Cost, Revenue, Profit $ (per year) Output (units per year) C(q) A B q0 q* )(q?58 Therefore, it can be said: ? Profits are maximized when MC = MR. Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization R(q) 0 Cost, Revenue, Profit $ (per year) Output (units per year) C(q) A B q0 q* )(q?59 邊際收益、邊際成本與利潤最大化 競爭性廠商: ? 競爭性廠商是價格接受者,因此其需求曲線與市場需求曲線不同,是一水平直線,圖PP61。 ? 如廠商試圖略微提價,則銷售量為 0, ? 如廠商試圖略微降價,則它將發(fā)生虧損。 ? 因此,廠商的利潤最大化點為 MC(q)=MR=P, ? 注意:該公式確定的是產(chǎn)量,價格為市場給定,廠商無法改變。 60 Demand and Marginal Revenue Faced by a Competitive Firm Output (bushels) Price $ per bushel Price $ per bushel Output (millions of bushels) d $4 100 200 100 Firm Industry D $4 61 選擇短期產(chǎn)量 將產(chǎn)出和成本分析結(jié)合需求曲線確定廠商的利潤最大化條件及此時的產(chǎn)出量。圖 PP6364。 分析: ? MC=MR, 利潤最大化;