【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ers’ plans changes, demand changes and the demand curve 保持不變，而影響購(gòu)買者計(jì)劃的其它因素改變，則需求改變，需求曲線移動(dòng)。 Figures of Change in the Quantity Demanded Versus Change in Demand CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 40 In summary, the demand curve model shows what happens to the quantity demanded of a good when its price varies, holding constant all other determinants of quantity demanded. When one of these other determinants changes, the demand curve shifts. Summary 小結(jié) 總之，需求曲線模型表示，保持影響需求的其他因素不變，當(dāng)商品自身的價(jià)格發(fā)生變化時(shí)，商品的需求量是如何改變的；而除自身價(jià)格以外的其它因素改變時(shí)，需求曲線移動(dòng)。 CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 41 CASE STUDY: Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand CASE STUDY（案例研究） : TWO WAYS TO REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF SMOKING DEMANDED 思考一下 ! 減少香煙需求的兩種方法 CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 42 CASE STUDY: TWO WAYS TO REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF SMOKING DEMANDED CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 43 吸煙有害健康！ CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 44 吸煙有害健康！ CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 45 CASE STUDY: TWO WAYS TO REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF SMOKING DEMANDED CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 46 Supply quantity supplied 供給和供給量 Section 3 Supply Curve To focus our thinking, let’s keep in mind a particular good — ice cream. The function of supply 供給函數(shù) Supply Schedule Supply Curve 供給表和供給曲線 Market Supply 市場(chǎng)供給 Change in Quantity Supplied versus Change in Supply 供給量的變動(dòng)和供給的變動(dòng) CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 47 demand quantity demanded Quantity supplied供給量 is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell at a special price in a special period. 在一定的時(shí)期內(nèi)，在特定的價(jià)格水平上，生產(chǎn)者愿意并且能夠的商品銷售數(shù)量。 Supply供給 is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell at any price in a special period. 在一定的時(shí)期內(nèi)，在各種價(jià)格水平上，生產(chǎn)者愿意并且能夠的商品銷售數(shù)量。 The concepts of Supply quantity supplied CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 48 Determinants of Supply 供給的影響因素 Supply quantity supplied ? Market price 市場(chǎng)價(jià)格 ? Input prices（ cost） 成本 ? Prices of Related Goods 相關(guān)商品的價(jià)格 ? Technology 技術(shù) ? Expectations 預(yù)期 ? Number of producers 生產(chǎn)者的數(shù)量 CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 49 ⑴ Market price 市場(chǎng)價(jià)格 ? The law of supply供給法則 : Other things equal, When the price of a good rises, The quantity supplied of the good also rises. 其它條件不變的情況下，當(dāng)商品的價(jià)格上升時(shí)，商品的供給數(shù)量也上升。 ? The law of supply states that there is a direct (positive) relationship between price and quantity 明供給價(jià)格和供給量之間呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系 CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 50 ⑵ Input price To produce its output of a good, various inputs will be used, When the price of one or more of these inputs rises, producing good is less profitable, and a firm supplies less good. Thus, the supply of a good is negatively related to the price of the inputs used to make the good. 產(chǎn)出商品需要多種要素投入，當(dāng)一種或多種投入要素的價(jià)格上漲時(shí)，產(chǎn)出利潤(rùn)就越低，公司就會(huì)減少該種商品的生產(chǎn)，因此，商品供給量與成本呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。 Eg. : Student Sweets of producing ice cream, CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 51 ⑶ Prices of Related Goods ? 互補(bǔ)品： 當(dāng)一種商品的價(jià)格提高，其互補(bǔ)品的供給量就會(huì)增加。反之，則減少。例如： VCD碟和 VCD機(jī)。 ? 替代品： 當(dāng)一種商品的價(jià)格提高，其替代品的供給量就會(huì)減少。反之，則增加。例如：玉米和小麥。 ? 消費(fèi)中的替代品不一定是生產(chǎn)中的替代品。 ? 聯(lián)合供給產(chǎn)品： 是指當(dāng)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品被生產(chǎn)時(shí)，另一個(gè)產(chǎn)品也同時(shí)被生產(chǎn)。即一種產(chǎn)品是另一種產(chǎn)品的副產(chǎn)品。這時(shí)，兩種產(chǎn)品就稱為生產(chǎn)中的聯(lián)合供給產(chǎn)品。例如：提煉原油生產(chǎn)汽油時(shí)，柴油和石蠟也同時(shí)被生產(chǎn)出來。 ? 但消費(fèi)中的互補(bǔ)品不一定是生產(chǎn)中的聯(lián)合供給產(chǎn)品。 CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 52 ⑷ Technology The technology for turning the inputs into ice cream is yet another determinant of supply. The invention of the mechanized icecream machine, For example, reduced the amount of labor necessary to make ice cream. By reducing firms’ costs, the advance in technology raised the supply of ice cream. 將投入轉(zhuǎn)化為產(chǎn)出的技術(shù)是決定供給量的又一關(guān)鍵因素，例如制作冰淇淋機(jī)器的發(fā)明，通過降低勞動(dòng)投入，從而降低公司成本，因此技術(shù)進(jìn)步可以提高產(chǎn)量。 The supply of a good is positive related to the advance in technology 商品供給量與技術(shù)進(jìn)步呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。 CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 53 ⑸ Expectations 預(yù)期 What would happen to your supply for ice cream if you expect for people to earn a higher ine in the future? 如果預(yù)計(jì)到人們收入會(huì)提高，你會(huì)如何改變供給？ You may be more willing to supply more ice cream. What would happen to your today’s supply for ice cream if you expect the price of ice cream to rise in the future ? 如果預(yù)計(jì)到商品價(jià)格會(huì)提高，你會(huì)如何改變現(xiàn)實(shí)供給？ You may be more willing to put some of your current production into storage and supply less to the market today. 思考一下 ! CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 54 ⑹ 其他因素 – 除此之外，還有氣候、生產(chǎn)者規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)、政府政策、時(shí)間等因素也可能會(huì)影響商品的供給。 – 技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)者規(guī)模主要影響 供給能力 ；生產(chǎn)者預(yù)期和價(jià)格主要影響 供給欲望 。 CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 55 The function of supply 供給函數(shù) 商品自身的價(jià)格 生 產(chǎn) 成 本 生 產(chǎn) 技 術(shù) 水 平 供 給 者 的 數(shù) 量 相關(guān)商品的價(jià)格 生 產(chǎn) 者 預(yù) 期 影響供給的因素 供給影響因素與供 給 量 的 關(guān) 系 時(shí) 間 及 其 它 DS=f (P,U,S1,S2,T) CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 56 The function of demand – 用來表示一種商品的供給數(shù)量和影響該供給數(shù)量的各種因素之間關(guān)系的函數(shù)，叫供給函數(shù)。用公式表示為： Qsx = f ( PX, C , E， PY, Pe , …… ) 如果其他因素不變，僅考慮 商品自身的價(jià)格與供給量 之間的關(guān)系，則： Qsx = f ( PX ) 一元一次線型供給函數(shù)： 非線型供給函數(shù)： Qsx = – a + b Px b Q x = a Px S CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 57 Supply Schedule Supply Curve The supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied. 供給表：商品自身價(jià)格與供給量之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系表。 Supply Schedule Table 31 He’s supply schedule CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 58 Supply Curve $ 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 Price of IceCream Cone Quantity of IceCream Cones 0 The supply curve is the upwardsloping line relating price to quantity supplied. 供給曲線是一條反映商品自身價(jià)格與供給量之間關(guān)系、向右上方傾斜的曲線。 CHAPTER 2 Supply and Demand slide 59 Market Sup