【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 words often throw light on their meanings. .: Pen originally refers to ‘ a heavy quill or feather’ . Today the writing tool is still “ pen” , but a meaning is not exactly the same as what it used to mean. Proper nouns, once they bee mon nouns, can be explained by their origins only. Examples braille (盲文） from Louis Braille （盲文的創(chuàng)始人） walkman (隨身聽） from Walkman (a brand) a laconic answer ?Laconic 源于 Lakon ， 意為“一個拉哥尼亞人”， 它是希臘的一個地區(qū)名，斯巴達(dá)是其首府。以好戰(zhàn)和紀(jì)律嚴(yán)明聞名的斯巴達(dá)人也同樣因為言簡意賅而聞名， laconic 這個詞從 1589年起被發(fā)現(xiàn)有言簡意賅的意思起直到今天仍然被英國作家用來表示這一意思。 ?a laconic answer簡潔的回答 III. Componential analysis and semantic field 1. Componential Analysis 2. Semantic field 1. What is ponential analysis? 成分分析 The analysis of word meanings/ponential analysis is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal ponents, which are known as semantic features 語義特征 or sense ponents語義成分 . Componential analysis is on the basis of semantic contrast. Conventionally, these minimal ponents can be symbolized in terms of binarity/binary opposition對分法 . Eg: +ADULT (adult), ADULT (young). man [ +MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN] woman [ MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN] boy [ +MALE, ADULT, +HUMAN] girl [ MALE, ADULT, +HUMAN] bullock [+MALE, +ADULT, HUMAN] cow [ MALE, +ADULT, HUMAN] In making ponential analysis, it is important to focus on the distinguishing features, . features which can distinguish one word from another. Eg: Between boy, chair, dictionary and hope, thought, problem, the distinguish feature is [+CONCRETE] 2. The semantic field theory (語義場理論 ) ? The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is anized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some mon semantic ponent. The whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. Vocabulary is seen as ‘ an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense’ . Jost Trier (a German linguist) ? Most languages share same semantic fields. ?Time ?Space ?Age ?Kinship ?Food ?Color ?Emotion ?……… ? The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different languages, thus lexical gaps(詞匯空缺 ) occur. ? The semantic field of kinship ?Members in English: 13father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, cousin, husband, wife. ?Members in Chinese: ………. ? The semantic field of food ?hot dog, sandwich, hamburger ?豆腐 , 饅頭 emotion joy love hate fear grief ?Implications of semantic field for vocabulary learning character/ virtue easygoing, aggressive, arrogant, selfconceited, modest,considerate, sympathetic, extrovert, introvert, amicable, Ambitious, honest, loyal, obedient, strongwilled, Ironwilled, trustworthy, obstinate, stubborn, unyielding, confident IV. Types of meaning Word meaning is made up of various ponents which are interrelated and interdependent. These ponents are monly described as types of meaning. 詞義有各種相互聯(lián)系與相互依存的不同成分組成，這些成分就是詞義的種類。 Types of Meaning Grammatical Meaning 語法意義 Lexical Meaning 詞匯意義 Conceptual Meaning 概念意義 Associative Meaning 聯(lián)想意義 Connotative Meaning 內(nèi)涵意義 Affective Meaning