【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排） I39。m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排） 一般現(xiàn)在時表將來 1）下列動詞e, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時候開？十分鐘后。 2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進(jìn)行。例如： Here es the bus. = The bus is ing. 車來了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。 3）在時間或條件句中。例如： When Bill es （不是will e）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后，讓他等我。 I39。ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。 4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示將來 下列動詞e, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可以表示將來。例如： I39。m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎？ 現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have（has） +過去分詞。 比較一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時 1）一般過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。 一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時間狀語。 現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時間狀語。 共同的時間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有e, go, leave, start, die, finish, bee, get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了） Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了） Who hasn39。t handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭） He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)） He has been a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)） 句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。 （錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型 1）It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。 This is the first time （that） I39。ve heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容詞最高級+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如： This is the best film that I39。ve （ever） seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 典型例題 （1） Do you know our town at all? No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am ing 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時，故選B。 （2） Have you ____ been to our town before? No, it39。s the first time I ___ here. A. even, e B. even, have e C. ever, e D. ever, have e 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 注意：非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 （錯）I have received his letter for a month. （對）I haven39。t received his letter for almost a month. 比較since和for Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty 。 I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。 注意：并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。） 注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時中的誤用。 1）（對） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2）（錯） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 顯然，第二句不對，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. since的四種用法 1） since +過去一個時間點（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。 2） since +一段時間+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個月了。 3） since +從句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。 4） It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。 延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞 1） 用于完成時的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如： He has pleted the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 （表結(jié)果） I39。ve known him since then. 我從那時起就認(rèn)識他了。（表經(jīng)歷） 2） 用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示做……直到…… 瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示到……，才……。例如： He didn39。t e back until ten o39。clock. 他到10 點才回來。 He slept until ten o39。clock. 他一直睡到10點。 典型例題 1. You don39。t need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時。 2. I39。m sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。 過去完成時 1） 概念：表示過去的過去 ||| 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。 那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。 b. 狀語從句 在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時，小偷們早就跑了。 c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示原本…，未能…。例如： We had hoped that you would e, but you didn39。t. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。 3） 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 湯姆失望了，因為他到達(dá)晚會時，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。 典型例題 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown