【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 being pointed out to the customers.c) 完成被動式: 如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生, 有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the positions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home. 2) 句法功用a) 作主語:Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b) 作賓語:Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c) 作介詞賓語: 動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多. 它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z后面, 常見的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d) 作表語:The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語. 一般說來, 在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞。 在表示具體某詞動作, 特別是將來的動作時, 多用不定式.e) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語: 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞后, 及可用現(xiàn)在分詞, 也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語補(bǔ)足語. 用現(xiàn)在分詞時, 表示動作正在發(fā)生, 用不定式時表示動作發(fā)生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.f) 作狀語: 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時, 通常都表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動作, 來對謂語表示的主要動作加以修飾或作為陪襯.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可用作時間狀語, 相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3) 前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu): 一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)), 來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.Their ing to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開頭, 這個結(jié)構(gòu)常常可以用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4) 只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss5) 既可用動名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語的動詞: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大, 有時卻有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want (need) to e.The house wants (needs) cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6) 懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語時, 表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態(tài).Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的動作, 正確)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (錯誤)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正確)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (錯誤)3. 分詞1) 意義: 過去分詞通常來自及物動詞, 帶有被動意義和完成意義。 而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物動詞, 有的來自不及物動詞, 通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語, 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞, 僅表示完成意義, 不表示被動意義. the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newlyarrived visitors 用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分, 在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2) 句法作用a) 作定語: distinguished guest 貴賓, unknown heroes 無名英雄, armed forces武裝部隊(duì), canned food罐頭食品, boiled water開水, steamed bread饅頭, stricken area災(zāi)區(qū)分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語: simplyfurnished room陳設(shè)簡單的房間, clearcut answer明確的答復(fù), highlydeveloped industry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè), heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝, handmade goods手工制品, manmade satellite人造衛(wèi)星b) 作補(bǔ)足語: 可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意義的動詞:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意義的動詞:I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.c) 過去分詞短語常用作狀語, 修飾謂語, 很多都說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager. 過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.有時也可說明動作發(fā)生的時間, 相當(dāng)于一個表示時間的狀語從句.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.間或也可表示一個假設(shè)的情況, 相當(dāng)于一