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can try to explain ? Predict the value of the L1 parameters using values of your L2 IVs (example uses 1) ? Sample equations: B0j = G00 + G01 * W1j + u0j B1j = G10 + G11 * W1j + u1j B2j = G20 + G21 * W1j + u2j ? You will have a separate equation for each parameter ? We can substitute the L2 equations into the L1 equation to see the bined model Yij = G00 + G01 * W1j + u0j + (G10 + G11 * W1j + u1j) X1ij + (G20 + G21 * W1j + u2j) X2ij + rij ? Cannot estimate this using normal regression ? HLM estimates the random factors from the model with MLE and the fixed factors with LSE ? L1 regression equation: Yij = B0j + B1j * X1ij + B2j * X2ij + rij ? B0j tells us the value of Yij when X1ij = 0 and X2ij = 0 ? Interpretation of B0j therefore depends on the scale of X1ij and X2ij ? “Centering” refers to subtracting a value from an X