【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 he beginning of the end) ? Arrested in 1977 (Biko killed on 12 September 1977) Examples: Cry Freedom (1987) ?Plot: South African journalist Donald Woods is forced to flee the country after attempting to investigate the death in custody of his friend the black activist Steve Biko. ?Opening – The raid on Crossroads squatter‘s camp ? Ending –Soweto uprising (2:24:30) ? Biko‘s ideas – – Black Consciousness – his speech (31:32) – his self defense (naked racism) (38:34) ? The munity to a visit to a black township (18:30) ? Afrikaner‘s version Resistance movements: Soweto Student Uprising ?It was a picture that got the world?s attention: A frozen moment in time that showed 13yearold Hector Peterson dying after being struck down by a policeman39。s bullet. At his side was his 17yearold sister. ‖ (source) Apartheid: Repeal Efforts ? 1980‘s: International sanctions + radicalization of resistance movements ? 1. Some minor laws (. interracial marriage) were abolished by 1990。 2. 19851988, the . Botha government‘s elimination of black oppositions。 ? 1991 President de Klerk obtained the repeal of the remaining apartheid laws and called for the drafting of a new constitution. ? 1993 a multiracial, multiparty transitional government was approved, and fully free elections were held in 1994, which gave majority representation to the African National Congress. Response 1: Long Night’s Journey into the Day South Africa39。s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Purpose: Restorative Justice, rather than retributive justice ? Mandated to produce as plete a picture as possible of the nature, causes and extent of these violations‖ mitted during the apartheid period. They did it with the testimonies of the victims and pepetrators. Reasons: ? chose Restorative justice but not retributive justice. The perpetrators …‖ [had] to confess publicly, in the full glare of television lights, that they did those ghastly things.― Desmond Tutu ? Since the past cannot be unlived, we have to face it. ? Criticized: justice before reconciliation Response 1: Long Night’s Journey into the Day Case 1 1. Amy Biehl Amy Biehl, an American student in South Africa working with the ANC, was killed by four Black youths during political unrest in Guguletu township. ? Why they kill Killing someone like her exposed both our anger and the conditions under which we lived. If we had been living reasonably, we would not have killed her. Easy Nofemela on the killing of Amy Biehl Long Night’s Journey into the Day Case 2. Cradock 4. – Eric Taylor, a white person who had worked (and killed) to uphold the apartheid government and who now had a change of heart and was remorseful for his acts. His way of killing: beat the four persons (who were supposed to be movement leaders, but one was actually unknown to them) to death and then burn them. (clips 1—his belief, 2 –his change ) ? The widows refused to agree with amnesty. Long Night’s Journey into the Day Case 3. Robert McBride an ANC activist ? No one has apologized to me yet for either oppressing me directly or indirectly or happily benefitting from my oppression Robert McBride on apology Clip 3 ? Is he a terrorist? Clip: MaBride vs. a victim‘s family Long Night’s Journey into the Day Case 4. Guguletu 7the story of seven young men who were killed in what now appears to have been a setup designed to make the apartheid police look as if they had killed a group of dangerous terrorists. clips ? Mbelo as a black policeman/informant。 ? the process of reconciliation Questions to ponder over (1) What is truth? What is justice? ? TRC – presents conflicting testimonies。 Archbishop Tutu refers the past as a ?jigsaw puzzle‘ of which the TRC report is only a piece, and alludes to a search ―for the clues that lead . . . To a truth that will . . . never be fully revealed.‖ (TRC report 4, qtd in Graham 11). Factual and forensic truths vs. personal and narrative truths ? Desmond Tutu on restorative versus retributive justice Questions to ponder over (1) What is justice? ?Cases in Contrast: – The endless hunting for Nazi regime supporters。 – Victims? Absalom in Cry, my Beloved Country. – Victims? The US: The Washington Post (June 8, 2022) The nation39。s war on drugs unfairly targets African Americans, who are far more likely to be imprisoned for drug offenses than whites, even though far more whites use illegal drugs than blacks,.... Overall, black men are sent to prisons on drug charges at 13 times the rate of white men.... Overall, one in 20(1/20) black men over the age of 18 is in a state or federal prison pared with one in 180 (1/180) white men. Questions (2): How to resolve largescale conflicts ?law