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for effecting entrance into the body or tissue. ? Successfully overe the immune response of the host – Locate in relatively protected sites – Changes in the parasite surface antigenic structure – Modify the host immune response by products of parasite metabolism ? Increase reproductive capacity (三 )host ? Definitive host(終宿主) –The host in which sexual reproduction occurs is called the definitive host. ? Intermediate host(中間宿主) –The specie in which larval develop is called intermediated host. ? Reservoir host(保蟲宿主 /儲蓄宿主) – Reservoir host is an animal which harbors parasites in nature and acts as a source of infection. ? Paratenic host(轉(zhuǎn)續(xù)宿主) – A host which acts as a transporting agent for the parasite and in which the parasite does not undergo any development is called paratenic host. 二、 life cycle( 生活史 ) The parasitic life cycle is the obligatory of parasites for their growth, development and multiplication that may be acplished in their host (or hosts) or environment. ? 直接型生活史:不需要中間宿主 ? 間接型生活史:需要中間宿主 Migration and localization (pathogenicity treatment and diagnosis) Stool Urine Mouth Bronchial Contact Secretion Vector Vector (Pathogenicity (diagnosis) and Prophylaxis) (Epidemiology and Prophylaxis) Stage in environment (vector) Stage in man Infective stage Stage left man ? Infective stage(感染期 ) – A stage of parasite which can enter the human body and develop continuously there. ? Carrier – Carrie