【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 age at minus 20 degree C. ? Vaccines which must be stored in the freezer partment are : polio and measles. ? Vaccines which must be stored in the COLD PART but never allowed to freeze are : typhoid, DPT, tetanus toxoid, DT, BCG and diluents HAZARDS OF IMMUNIZATION ? No immune response is entirely free from the risk of adverse reactions or remote squeal. The adverse reactions that may occur may be grouped under the following heads: 1. Reactions inherent to inoculation 2. Reactions due to faulty techniques 3. Reactions due to hypersensitivity 4. Neurological involvement 5. Provocative reactions 6. Others ? 1. Reactions inherent to inoculation: These may be local general reactions. The local reactions may be pain, swelling, redness, tenderness and development of a small nodule or sterile abscess at the site of injection. ? The general reactions may be fever, malaise, headache and other constitutional symptoms. Most killed bacterial vaccines (., typhoid) cause some local and general reactions. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and live polio vaccine cause little reaction. ? 2. Reactions due to faulty techniques: Faulty techniques may relate to ? faulty production of vaccine (. inadequate inactivation of the microbe, inadequate detoxication), ? too much vaccine given in one dose, ? improper immunization site or route, ? vaccine reconstituted with incorrect diluents, ? wrong amount of diluent used, ? drug substituted for vaccine or diluent, ? vaccine prepared incorrectly for use (., an adsorbed vaccine not shaken properly before use), ? vaccine or dliluent contaminated, ? vaccine stored incorrectly, ? contraindications ignored (. a child who experienced a severe reaction after a previous dose of DPT vaccine is immunized with he same vaccine), ? reconstituted vaccine of one session of immunization used again at the subsequent session. ? Use of improperly sterilized syringes and needles carry the hazard of hepatitis B virus, and staphylo and streptococcal infection ? 3. Reactions due to hypersensitivity: ? Administration of antisera (., ATS) may occasionally give rise to anaphylactic shock and serum sickness. Many viral vaccines contain traces of various antibiotics used in their preparation and some individuals may be sensitive to the antibiotic which it contains. Anaphylactic shock is a rare but dangerous plication of injection of antiserum. There is bronchospasm, dyspnoea, pallor, hypotension and collapse. ? The symptoms may appear within a few minutes of injection or may be delayed up to 2 hours. Some viral vaccines prepared from embryonated eggs (., influenza) may bring about generalized anaphylactic reactions. Serum sickness is characterized by symptoms such as fever, rash, oedema and joint pains occurring 7 12 days of injection of antiserum. ? 4. Neurological involvement: ? Neuritic manifestations may be seen after the administration of serum or vaccine. The wellknown examples are the postvaccinial encephalitis and encephalopathy following administration of anti rabies and smallpox vaccines. ? GuillainBarre syndrome in association with the swine influenza vaccine is another example. ? 5. Provocative reactions: ? Occasionally following immunization there may occur a disease totally unconnected with the immunizing agent (., provocative polio after DPT or DT administration against diphtheria). ? The mechanism seems to be that the individual is harboring the infectious agent and the administration of the vaccine shortens the incubation period and produces the disease or what may have been otherwise only a latent infe