【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 h音高 —four grammatical functions: indicate different sentence type。 different pitch indicates connotative meaning(I can‘t eat anything—fall/fallrise)。 different structure (John didn‘t e because of Mary—John came, but it had nothing to do with Mary/ John didn‘t e, because Mary)。 give prominence to one part of a sentence(John likes fish.) ? IV. Morphology ? 1. Morphology: the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed—two branches: inflections// wordformation ? 2. Inflection: addition of affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems ? 3. Wordformation: pound//derivation ? 4. Compound: relationships between lexical words—noun pounds (daybreak)。 verb pounds(brainwash)。 adjective pounds (carefree)。 preposition pounds (into/ throughout) ? 5. Derivation: relationships between stems and affixes (word class changed// word class unchanged) ? 6. Morpheme: minimal unit of meaning—phoneme/gouz/ for thirdperson singular ? 7. Free morpheme: form a word by itself—bed, tree ? 8. Bound morpheme: with at least one other morpheme, ?al‘ in ?national‘ ? 9. Root: polymorphemic words other than pounds may divide into roots and affixes ? 10. Free root morpheme (most, stand by themselves as words)—bound root morpheme (relatively few, such as ?ceive‘ in ?receive‘, ?perceive‘, ?conceive‘) ? 11. Stem詞干 : morpheme or bination of morpheme—friends/ friendships ? 12. Affix: prefix (mini), suffix (tion), infix (foot/ feet)—inflectional (walked) amp。 derivational (sleepy) ? V. Lexicon ? 1. Lexicon: similar to vocabulary, deal with the analysis and creation of words, idioms, collocation ? 2. Word: grammatical unit(sentence, clause, word group, word, morpheme)。 most stable of all linguistic units。 smallest unit which can constitute a plete sentence ? 3. Variable words (changeable)// invariable words(unchangeable) ? 4. Grammatical word—function word—form word(to be, preposition, articles, possessives, demonstratives, qualifiers, conjunctions, intensifiers, auxiliary verbs, pronouns)// Lexical word—carry semantic content ? 5. Closedclass word (articles, pron, prep, conj)// open class(n, v, adj, adv) ? 6. Idiom—semantically and often syntactically restricted(meaning unpredictable, special syntactical restrictions) ? 7. Collocation: habitual cooccurrences of individual lexical items—Features(1) Mutual expectancy, (2)Fixed syntacticallexical relations (3)Inexplicability ? VI. Syntax ? 1. Syntax: study of rules governing the ways to form sentences, or the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures ? 2. Syntactical relations(1)Positional relation(word order)—Syntagmatic Relations (2)Relation of substitutability—Associative relations (de Saussure)// Paradigmatic Relations (Hjemslev) (3)Relation of cooccurrence ? 3. Immediate constituent: small units of constructing a sentence, such as single words, groups of words—The boy ate the apple. (S=NP+VP) ? 4. Coordinate and subordinate constructions ? 5. Syntactic function: subje