【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 o some strategies give children more advantages than others in institutions? Probably they do. Will parents be damaging children if they have one fewer organized activity? No, I really doubt it.”[I] Social scientists say the differences arise in part because lowine parents have less money to spend on music class or preschool, and less flexible schedules to take children to museums or attend school events. Extracurricular activities reflect the differences in child rearing in the Pew survey, which was of a nationally representative sample of 1,807 parents. Of families earning more than $75,000 a year, 84% say their children have participated in organized sports over the past year, 64% have done volunteer work and 62% have taken lessons in music, dance or art. Of families earning less than $30,000, 59% of children have done sports, 37% have volunteered and 41% have taken arts classes.[J] Especially in affluent families, children start young. Nearly half of highearning, collegegraduate parents enrolled their children in arts classes before they were 5, pared with onefifth of lowine, less educated parents. Nonetheless, 20% of welloff parents say their children’s schedules are too hectic, pared with 8% of poorer parents.[K] Another example is reading aloud, which studies have shown gives children bigger vocabularies and better reading prehension in school. 71% of parents with a college degree say they do it every day, pared with 33% of those with a high school diploma or less. White parents are more likely than others to read to their children daily, as are married parents. Most affluent parents enroll their children in preschool or day care, while lowine parents are more likely to depend on family members. Discipline techniques vary by education level: 8% of those with a postgraduate degree say they often beat their children, pared with 22% of those with a high school degree or less.[L] The survey also probed attitudes and anxieties. Interestingly, parents’ attitudes toward education do not seem to reflect their own educational background as much as a belief in the importance of education for upward mobility. Most American parents say they are not concerned about their children’s grades as long as they work hard. But 50% of poor parents say it is extremely important to them that their children earn a college degree, pared with 39% of wealthier parents.[M] Lesseducated parents, and poorer and black and Latino parents are more likely to believe that there is no such thing as too much involvement in a child’s education. Parents who are white, wealthy or college educated say too much involvement can be bad. Parental anxieties reflect their circumstances. High earning parents are much more likely to say they live in a good neighborhood for raising children. While bullying is parents’ greatest concern over all, nearly half of lowine parents worry their child will get shot, pared with onefifth of highine parents. They are more worried about their children being depressed or anxious.[N] In the Pew survey, middleclass families earning between $30,000 and $75,000 a year fell right between workingclass and highearning parents on issues like the quality of their neighborhood for raising children, participation in extracurricular activities and involvement in their children’ s education.[O] Children were not always raised so differently. The achievement gap between children from high and lowine families is 3040% larger among children born in 2001 than those born 25 years earlier, according to Mr. Reardon’ s research. People used to live near people of different ine levels。 neighborhoods are now more segregated by ine. More than a quarter of children live in singleparent households — a historic high, according to Pew 一 and these children are three times as likely to live in poverty as those who live with married parents. Meanwhile, growing ine inequality has coincided with the increasing importance of a college degree for earning a middleclass wage.[P] Yet there are recent signs that the gap could be starting to shrink. In the past decade, even as ine inequality has grown, some of the socioeconomic differences in parenting, like reading to children and going to libraries, have narrowed.[Q] Public policies aimed at young children have helped, including public preschool programs and reading initiatives. Addressing differences in the earliest years, it seems, could reduce inequality in the next generation.36. Workingclass parents teach their children to be obedient and show respect to adults.37. American parents, whether rich or poor, have similar expectations of their children despite different ways of parenting.38. While rich parents are more concerned with their children’s psychological wellbeing, poor parents are more worried about their children’s safety.39. The increasing differences in child rearing between rich and poor families reflect growing social inequality.40. Parenting approaches of workingclass and affluent families both have advantages.41. Higherine families and workingclass families now tend to live in different neighborhoods.42. Physical punishment is used much less by welleducated parents.43. Ms. Lareau doesn’t believe participating in fewer afterclass activities will negatively affect children’s development.44. Wealthy parents are concerned about their children’s mental health and busy schedules.45. Some socioeconomic differences in child rearing have shrunk in the past ten years.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Tennessee’s technical and munity colleges will not out