【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 SP）的源代碼中，采用HTML與Java代碼混合的方式進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)。因?yàn)檫@兩種方式不可避免的要把表現(xiàn)與業(yè)務(wù)邏輯代碼混合在一起，都給前期開(kāi)發(fā)與后期維護(hù)帶來(lái)巨大的復(fù)雜度。為了擺脫上述的約束與局限，把業(yè)務(wù)邏輯代碼從表現(xiàn)層中清晰的分離出來(lái)，2000年，Craig McClanahan采用了MVC的設(shè)計(jì)模式開(kāi)發(fā)Struts。后來(lái)該框架產(chǎn)品一度被認(rèn)為是最廣泛、最流行JAVA的WEB應(yīng)用框架。Struts 2的合并示意圖2006年，WebWork與Struts這兩個(gè)優(yōu)秀的Java EE Web框架（Web Framework〕的團(tuán)體，決定合作共同開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)新的，整合了WebWork與Struts優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并且更加優(yōu)雅、擴(kuò)展性更強(qiáng)的框架，命名為“Struts 2”，“Struts 1”。至此，Struts項(xiàng)目并行提供與維護(hù)兩個(gè)主要版本的框架產(chǎn)品——Struts 1與Struts 2。很多開(kāi)發(fā)人員認(rèn)為Struts目前尚不成熟，應(yīng)用的成本較高。 附帶的一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)建議： Struts的優(yōu)點(diǎn)主要集中體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：Taglib和頁(yè)面導(dǎo)航。Taglib是Struts的標(biāo)記庫(kù)，靈活動(dòng)用，能大大提高開(kāi)發(fā)效率。 Struts這個(gè)名字來(lái)源于在建筑和舊式飛機(jī)中使用的支持金屬架。它的目的是為了減少在運(yùn)用MVC設(shè)計(jì)模型來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)Web應(yīng)用的時(shí)間。你仍然需要學(xué)習(xí)和應(yīng)用該架構(gòu)，不過(guò)它將可以完成其中一些繁重的工作。Struts跟Tomcat、Turbine等諸多Apache項(xiàng)目一樣，是開(kāi)源軟件，這是它的一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)，使開(kāi)發(fā)者能更深入的了解其內(nèi)部實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制。Hibernate開(kāi)源框架介紹Hibernate是一種Java語(yǔ)言下的對(duì)象關(guān)系映射解決方案。 它是使用GNU寬通用公共許可證發(fā)行的自由、開(kāi)源的軟件。它為面向?qū)ο蟮念I(lǐng)域模型到傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的映射，提供了一個(gè)使用方便的框架。 概覽它的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)是將軟件開(kāi)發(fā)人員從大量相同的數(shù)據(jù)持久層相關(guān)編程工作中解放出來(lái)。無(wú)論是從設(shè)計(jì)草案還是從一個(gè)遺留數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)開(kāi)始，開(kāi)發(fā)人員都可以采用Hibernate。Hibernate不僅負(fù)責(zé)從Java類(lèi)到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表的映射（還包括從Java數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型到SQL數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型的映射），還提供了面向?qū)ο蟮臄?shù)據(jù)查詢(xún)檢索機(jī)制，從而極大地縮短的手動(dòng)處理SQL和JDBC上的開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)間。.NET 上的 HibernateHibernate 有個(gè)在 .NET Framework 上的實(shí)現(xiàn)版本，稱(chēng)為 NHibernate，在 Entity Framework 發(fā)表之前，NHibernate 是在 .NET Framework 上經(jīng)常被使用的 ORM 實(shí)現(xiàn)。Hibernate的架構(gòu)有三個(gè)主要部分組成：1連接管理:Hibernate的連接管理服務(wù)提供的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接的有效管理。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接是與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行交互，因?yàn)樗枰罅抠Y源的開(kāi)放和關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接的最昂貴的部分。 2交易管理：事務(wù)管理服務(wù)提供給用戶能夠同時(shí)執(zhí)行多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)報(bào)表。3對(duì)象關(guān)系映射：對(duì)象關(guān)系映射是從對(duì)象映射模型的數(shù)據(jù)表示為關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)模型的技術(shù)。這部分是用來(lái)休眠選擇，插入，更新和刪除記錄窗體的基礎(chǔ)表。（）的方法時(shí)，Hibernate讀取該對(duì)象的變量的狀態(tài)，并執(zhí)行必要的查詢(xún)。 Hibernate是很好的工具盡可能對(duì)象關(guān)系映射的關(guān)注，但在連接管理和事務(wù)管理方面，它在性能和能力缺乏。所以通常冬眠與其他正在使用的連接管理和事務(wù)管理工具。例如Apache的二溴氯丙烷是用于與Hibernate的連接池。Hibernate提供了使用中的靈活性。它被稱(chēng)為“輕型”的體系結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，我們只使用對(duì)象關(guān)系映射的組成部分。而在“全面解決”的體系結(jié)構(gòu)的所有三個(gè)組件對(duì)象關(guān)系映射，連接管理和事務(wù)管理）的使用。 Hibernate的體系結(jié)構(gòu)外文原文（復(fù)印件）History Duke, the Java mascotJames Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling39。s office。 it went by the name Green later, and was later renamed Java, from a list of random aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation.Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java in 1995. It promised Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA), providing nocost runtimes on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network and fileaccess restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE in December 1998–1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. For example, J2EE targeted enterprise applications and the greatly strippeddown version J2ME for mobile applications (Mobile Java). J2SE designated the Standard Edition. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. Sun distinguishes between its Software Development Kit (SDK) and Runtime Environment (JRE) (a subset of the SDK)。 the primary distinction involves the JRE39。s lack of the piler, utility programs, and header November 13, 2006, Sun released much of Java as open source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Java39。s core code available under free software/opensource distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the 39。s vicepresident Rich Green has said that Sun39。s ideal role with regards to Java is as an evangelist.Following Oracle Corporation39。s acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–2010, Oracle has described itself as the steward of Java technology with a relentless mitment to fostering a munity of participation and transparency.PrinciplesThere were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language: should be simple, object oriented, and familiar、 should be robust and secure. should be architecture neutral and portable、 should execute with high performance、 should be interpreted, threaded, and dynamic.Java PlatformMain articles: Java (software platform) and Java Virtual MachineOne characteristic of Java is portability, which means that puter programs written in the Java language must run similarly on any supported hardware/operatingsystem platform. This is achieved by piling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to platformspecific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but are intended to be interpreted by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. Endusers monly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own machine for standalone Java applications, or in a Web browser for Java applets. Standardized libraries provide a generic way to access hostspecific features such as graphics, threading, and networking.A major benefit of using bytecode is porting. However, the overhead of interpretation means that interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than programs piled to native executables would. JustinTime pilers were introduced from an early stage that pile bytecodes to machine code during Microsystems officially licenses the Java Standard Edition platform for Linux, Mac OS X, and Solaris. Although in the past Sun has licensed Java to Microsoft, the license has expired and has not been renewed. Through a network of thirdparty vend