【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ? With –able, we create adjectives meaning ?capable of being Ved?, from verbs V ?break/breakable。 kick/kickable ? There is no verb unuse ? This is an argument that Structure 1 is correct: [un [use able]] ? This analysis fits well with what the word means as well: not capable of being used. Structure 2 would mean something like ?capable of not being used? Another example ? Consider another word: unlockable. Focus on un ? Note that in addition to applying to adjectives (clear/unclear), un applies to some verbs to give a kind of undoing or reversing meaning: do, undo zip, unzip tie, untie ? Note now that unlockable has two meanings The Unlockable example ? Two meanings: 1) Not capable of being locked 2) Capable of being unlocked These meanings correspond to distinct structures: 1) 2) un lock able un lock able ?Structurally ambiguous words unlockable Af unlockable V V unlockable A V Af Af A Af A ?The second structure is one in which –able applies to the verb unlock ?This verb is itself created from un and lock ?The meaning goes with this: ?capable of being unlocked? ?In structure 1, there is no verb unlock ?So the meaning is ?not capable of being locked? Word formation 1. Derivation: (or Derivational affixation, Affixation) 2. Compounding: bine two or more morphemes to form new words 3. Reduplication: full or partial repetition of a morpheme 4. Blending: parts of the words that are bined are deleted 5. Clipping: part of a word has been clipped off 6. Acronyms: abbreviate a longer term by taking the initial letters 7. Back formation: A word (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb) 8. Extension of word formation rules : Part of a word is treated as a morpheme though it’s not 9. Functional shift (Conversion): A change in the part of speech 10. Proper names ? Common words 11. Coining: Creating a pletely new free morpheme 12. Onomatopoeia: words imitate sounds in nature 13. Borrowing: The taking over of words from other languages 1. Compounding ? A pound is a plex word that is formed out of a bination of stems (as opposed to stem + affix) ? These function in a certain sense as ?one word?, and have distinctive phonological patterns ? Examples: olive oil shop talk shoe polish truck driver ? An interesting property of pounds is that although they are ?words?, they form a productive system, without limits (as far as grammar is concerned, not memory). ? Note also that pounds have special accentual (stress) properties: judge trial judge murder trial judge murder trial judge reporter murder trial judge reporter killer murder trial judge reporter killer catcher murder trial judge reporter killer catcher biographer … Some points about pounds ? When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the pound will be in this category, . postbox, landlady, icycold, blueblack… ? When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the pound, . headstrong, pickpocket… ? Compounds have different stress patterns from the nonpounded word sequence, . red coat, green house… ? The meaning of a pound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. ? Reduplication: full or partial repetition of a free morpheme。 sometimes with variation soso 一點點 zigzag byebye 冷冰冰 dillydally（拖拖拉拉） 天天 .人人 蹦蹦跳 hotchpotch 來來