【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 in Wall. Adaptive reuse, as in the conversion of dockland warehouses or multistory factories to lofts and apartments, is another successful strategy that has provided housing and workplaces to activate innercity areas. These approaches have been slowly applied with some success in other American empowerment zones, such as those in the South Bronx and Harlem. Chicago, also a viciously segregated city, is rising slowly from its ashes。 North Michigan Avenue functions as a great urban boulevard, parable to Fifth Avenue in New York, populated with many strange hybrid skyscraper towers containing malls, department stores, hotels, offices, apartments, and parking lots (a form pioneered there by Skidmore Owings and Merill’s mixeduse Hancock Tower in 1966). Even in Detroit, Henry Ford’s grandson is rebuilding the Ford River Rouge Plant as a model, hybrid, “ green” facility. 27 Landscape urbanists are just beginning to battle with the thorny issue of how dense urban forms emerge from landscape and how urban ecologies support performance spaces. The linear anization of the village main street leading to a mon space, with its rowhouse typology and long thin land subdivisions, is one of the oldest global urban patterns, studied by the pioneer urban morphologist Michael . Conzen in the 1930s. 28 Urban morphologists look for the emergence of such characteristic linkages between activity and spatial patterns in human settlements. Such linkages, when repeated over time, form islands of local order structuring the larger patterns of global, ecological, and economic flows. 29 The pattern of the town square and approach street is another, more formal example of an urban morphology, focusing on a single center, setting up the central agora or forum as in a Greek or Roman city grid (and echoed in the courtyardhouse typology). The Islamic city, with its irregular culdesac structure, acmodating the topography, emerged as a variation on this classical model, with the mosque, bazaar, school, and baths replacing the forum and temples at the center. 30 Medieval European cities, also with culdesacs, but based on a rowhouse typology, formed another morphological variation of the classical city, with market halls and cathedrals on the city square. In The Making of the American Landscape (1990), edited by Michael P. Conzen of the University of Chicago, contributors illustrate how the morphology of the city shifted from a dense single center to a “machine city.” This bipolar structure was based on railways creating a regional division between dense center and suburban villa edge (involving the separation of consumption from production, industry from farmland, rich from poor, etc.). In the second phase, the “ machine city” of the Modernists (best exemplified by the morphology of Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse (1933) with its slab blocks and towers set in parkland) replaced the old, dense Industrial City. With the advent of the automobile, a third morphology emerged in a multi centered pattern and isolated, pavilion, building typologies, a pattern that was further extended by airports on the regional periphery. Joel Garreau identified this as the postmodern “ Edge City” morphology of malls, office parks, industrial parks and residential enclaves in 1991. 31 In Europe Cedric Price jokingly described these three city morphologies in terms of breakfast dishes. There was the traditional, dense, “ hardboiled egg” city fixed in concentric rings of development within its shell or walls. Then there was the “ fried egg” city, where railways stretched the city’s perimeter in linear, accelerated, spacetime corridors out into the landscape, resulting in a star shape. Finally there was the postmodern