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ices (NWGS) platform, which includes a mon execution engine and a rich class library. The .NET software development kit defines a Common Language Subset (CLS), a sort of lingua franca that ensures seamless interoperability between CLSpliant languages and class libraries. For C developers, this means that even though C is a new language, it has plete access to the same rich class libraries that are used by seasoned tools such as Visual Basic and Visual C++. C itself does not include a class library. A C program consists of one or more source files. A source file is an ordered sequence of Unicode characters. Source files typically have a onetoone correspondence with files in a file system, but this correspondence is not required by C. Conceptually speaking, a program is piled using four steps: Preprocessing, a texttotext translation that enables conditional inclusion and exclusion of program text. Lexical analysis, which translates a stream of input characters into a stream of tokens. Syntactic analysis, which translates the stream of tokens into executable code. Lexical and syntactic grammars for C are interspersed throughout this specification. The lexical grammar defines how characters can be bined to form tokens。 the syntactic grammar defines how tokens can be bined to form C programs. Grammar productions include nonterminal symbols and terminal symbols. In grammar productions, nonterminal symbols are shown in italic type, and terminal symbols are shown in a fixedwidth font. Each nonterminal is defined by a set of productions. The first line of a set of productions is the name of the nonterminal, followed by a colon. Each successive indented line contains the righthand side for a production that has the nonterminal symbol as the lefthand side. Declarations in a C program define the constituent elements of the program. C programs are anized using namespaces, which can contain type declarations and nested namespace declarations. Type declarations are used to define classes, structs, interfaces, enums, and delegates. The kinds of 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯 7 members permitted in a type declaration depends on the form of the type declaration. For instance, class declarations can contain declarations for instance constructors, destructors, static constructors, constants, fields, methods, properties, events, indexers, operators, and nested types. A declaration defines a name in the declaration space to which the declaration belongs. Except for overloaded constructor, method, indexer, and operator names, it is an error to have two or more declarations that introduce members with the same name in a declaration space. It is never possible for a declaration space to contain different kinds of members with the same name. For example, a declaration space can never contain a field and a method by the same name. There are several different types of declaration spaces, as described in the following. Within all source files of a program, namespacememberdeclarations with no enclosing namespacedeclaration are