環(huán)境與行為外文翻譯-環(huán)境工程(編輯修改稿)
2025-02-24 03:29 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 graphic representations of views have been used, for example, in studies of natural landscape preferences (., Balling amp。 Falk, 1982。 Buhyoff, Wellman, Koch, Gauthier, amp。 Hultman, 1983。 Propst amp。 Buhyoff, 1980), urban landscape preferences (., Peterson, 1967。 Peterson amp。 Newmann, 1969), and inferences based on urban scenes (Craik amp。 Appleyard, 1980). Daniel (1976) observed that the validity and generalizability of studies that use photographs as surrogates for field observations depend on the ability of pho172。tographs to represent the environmental properties of interest (see also Brower, 1988). Subjects were provided with descriptions of the use of the photographed outdoor spaces. This was determined based on direct observation during a 4week period in the summer of 1995. Campus spaces were checked at ran172。dom intervals between 10 . and 3 . During each of these checks, this researcher photographed the people and their activities in each space. This was supported by writing notes about the people and their behavior. Both picturetaking and notewriting were done briefly and unobtrusively so as not to disturb or change the behavior of the outdoor space users. Notes from repeated observations of a space were synchronized to provide a single account of typical use. A substantial portion of the information that was provided to participants concerning the physical characteristics and landscape of outdoor areas was based on photographs of the environment (cf. Collier, 1967。 Davis amp。 Ayers, 1975). The content and quality of the photographs was important. Every effort was made to take photographs that best represented environmental properties of the campus outdoor spaces. The majority of photographs, about 90%, were taken at eye level to show the views and landscapes that people encountered during their normal experiences with the environment (see, ., Figures 4 through 6 and 8 through 12). As shown in Table 1, the site descriptions offered various binations of design characteristics such as location in relation to nearby buildings, land172。scape, views of surrounding areas, and sun and shade. For a paired parison, all possible pairs of the photographs of the 10 sites were pasted on hard boards. The participants were asked to select one site from each pair that they would visit and which they preferred with respect to physical appearance and space in the photographs. They were asked to give reasons for that choice. They could not, for example, say that they liked both but for different reasons. It was possible that participants recognized two kinds of places, one for meeting and one for privacy, with different criteria for each, and in order to make logical choices they were encouraged to go with one consistent set of criteria. Participants were also asked to mention which outdoor campus spaces they visited often. All participants were asked to list ponents or charac172。teristics of the spaces shown in the photographs that they liked. They were instructed to “think aloud” into a desktop tape recorder (for later transcrip172。tion), expressing all thoughts and feelings that occurred during the decision172。making process. Subjects attended five sessions, which each lasted a maxi172。m
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