研究儲(chǔ)罐事故外文翻譯-其他專業(yè)(編輯修改稿)
2025-02-24 03:02 本頁面
【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 5 to 150 sq km, whichis much larger than a direct strike zone. The risk of secondary effects related fire is direct strike. After the nearby far higher than the risk of a strike, a wellgrounded tankwill still take on the storm cell induced charge, but it releases the charge faster. The rim seal of a floating roof tank is the most likely place to be ignited in a thunderstorm. Most rim seal fires were extinguished in a few hours, but a 1989 lightning strike in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania led to a 360 0 rim seal fire around an 80,000 barrels external floating roof storage tank containing crude oil that lasted for five days (Persson and Lonnermark, 2021). A rim fire on a Singapore storage tank in 1991 escalated to a full surface and bund fire. Tight sealing to prevent the escape of liquids or vapors is definitely necessary for storage safety. Vent valve is also a likely place to be ignited. Flame arrestor should be installed. The existing lightning protection standards for the petroleum industry provide little help. The conventional radioactive lightning protection installed on a Nigerian 670,000barrel crude oil tank did not prevent the tank fromthe lightning strike in 1990 (Carpenter, 1996). The National Fire Protection Publication on lightning protection, NFPA78/780, deibscres the problem and industrial standard policies, but provides no positive protection solutions. 32. Maihtehahce error Welding is responsible for 18 accidents. Catastrophic failures of aboveground atmospheric storage tanks can occur when flammable vapors in the tank explode. In a 1995 accident, during a welding operation on the outside of a tank, bustible vapors inside two large, 30ft. diameter by 30ft. high, storage tanks exploded (USEPA, 1997). In a 1986 accident in Thessaloniki, Greece, sparks from a flame of a cutting torch ignited flammable vapors resulting in a fire spreading to other areas (Fewtrell and Hirst, 1998). The fire extended for seven days resulting in the destruction of 10 out of 12 crude oil storage tanks and five deaths. Both OSHA39。s regulations concerning hot work and NFPA39。s standards on welding should be reviewed. Hazard reduction measures include proper hotwork procedures such as obtaining a hot work permit, having a fire watch and fire extinguishing equipment present, and proper testing for explosivity。 covering and sealing all drains, vents, manways, open flanges and all sewers (USEPA,1997). Mechanical fractions also generate sparks that igniteflammable vapors. A 1988 accident in Memphis, Tennessee and a 1989 accident in Sandwich, Massachusetts, USA occurred during insulation installation. On October 28,1999, a spark from a man lift with two employees in PoncaCity, Oklahoma, USA ignited vapors (Perssonamp。Lonnermark, 2021). The ignition tore the insulated cone roof into several pieces resulting a full surface fire. A fire destroyed a
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