【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 nding to suit their own purposes。 and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly acpanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the munity, the interaction and confrontation between shared and peting beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the munity’s credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as inplete or incorrect. Little reward acpanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is newsearch, not research. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert AzentGyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the mons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and plete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its [A] uncertainty and plexity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematiess and regularity. 32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires [A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts. [C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation. 3 shows that a discovery claim bees credible after it [A] has attracted the attention of the general public. [B]has been examined by the scientific munity. [C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers. [D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists. 34. Albert SzentGy246。rgyi would most likely agree that [A] scientific claims will survive challenges. [B]discoveries today inspire future research. [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind. of the following would be the best title of the test? [A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development. [B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery. [C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science. [D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science. Text 4 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union。 now 36% do. In 2020 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of publicsector workers but only about 15% of privatesector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the publicsector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and welleducated. A quarter of America’s publicsector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate leftofcentre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from publicsector unions. At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care. In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains e in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” publicsector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawnout battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. As the cost to everyone else has bee clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American publicsector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a publicsector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. 36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that [A] Teamsters still have a large body of members. [B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant. [C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership. [D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists. 37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2? [A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions. [B] Education is required for publicsector union membership. [C] Labor Party has long been