【正文】 same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when ine and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of and ine data also overstate the dimensions of the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multipleearner, relatively affluent of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labormarketrelated unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working parttime because of the inability to find fulltime work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a , ine transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and inkind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A)What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B)Why ine measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C)Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment(D)Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures(E)How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities author uses “l(fā)abor market problems” in lines 12 to refer to which of the following?(A)The overall causes of poverty(B)Deficiencies in the training of the work force(C)Trade relationships among producers of goods(D)Shortages of jobs providing adequate ine(E)Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that(A)more people were unemployed in the 1930’s(B)unemployment now has less severe effects(C)social programs are more needed now(D)there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty(E)poverty has increased since the 1930’s of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?(A)Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B)A promise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C)New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D)Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.(E)The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelvemonth period is most probably to show that(A)there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force(B)unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness(C)recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers(D)a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship(E)there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving ine transfers on the ine level of lowine people is often not felt by(A)the employed poor(B)dependent children in singleearner families(C)workers who bee disabled(D)retired workers(E)fulltime workers who bee unemployed to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A)recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of lowwage workers(B)possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C)fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D)establishment of a system of recordkeeping that makes it possible to pile poverty statistics(E)prevalence, among lowwage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed conclusion stated in lines 3339 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idle