【正文】 is collected from groups of participants of different ages and pared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age. Five steps of the scientific(研究心理學(xué)科學(xué)方法的五個(gè)步驟): Ask a question or identify(鑒定) a a hypothesis（假設(shè)）.Test the hypothesis and collect data.(experiments)Analyze the results of your conclusions. Methods of research(心理學(xué)的研究方法):Naturalistic observation(自然觀察法)Case Study(個(gè)案研究法)survey(調(diào)查法)Longitudinal study(縱向研究法)Crosssectional study(橫向研究法)⑥Correlations and explanations(相關(guān)研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究)⑦Experiment(實(shí)驗(yàn)法)Chapter 3 Sensation Sensation(感覺(jué)):an unelaborated elementary awareness of 。 Personality structures（人格結(jié)構(gòu)）：Id(本我)、Ego(自我)、Superego(超我) 本我遵循快樂(lè)原則Pleasure principle；自我遵循現(xiàn)實(shí)原則Reality principle；超我遵循道德原則Moral principleStructuresDistributionPrincipleFunctionContentsIdAll unconscious（無(wú)意識(shí)的）Pleasure principlePsyche source（精神起源）Instinctual and biological urges（本能的生理沖動(dòng)）EgoMostly conscious（大部分有意識(shí)的）Reality principleMediation（調(diào)節(jié)）Rational, thoughtful process（理性的思想邏輯） Superego2 layers（2層次）Moral principleSupervision （監(jiān)督）Conscience,social rules（道德規(guī)則 社會(huì)規(guī)范） Trait(特質(zhì)):a tendency to react to a situation in a way that remains stable over 。 Characteristics of Perception(知覺(jué)的特性):perception integration整體性figureground perception選擇性perceptual inference理解性learning to perceive學(xué)習(xí)性perceptual constancy恒常性 知覺(jué)整體性的組織化原則:proximity接近性continuity連續(xù)性similarity相似性simplicity簡(jiǎn)潔性closure封閉性 The binocular vision of depth perception(深度知覺(jué)的雙眼線索)1， 雙眼線索：Binocular parallar 雙眼視察眼睛的調(diào)節(jié)2， Physiologyical cues 生理線索 adjustment 調(diào)節(jié) convergence 輻合 The monocular vision(單眼線索):linear perspective線條透視interposition對(duì)象的重迭（遮擋）Light and Shadow明亮和陰影（明暗）texture gradient紋理梯度(結(jié)構(gòu)級(jí)差)motion parallax運(yùn)動(dòng)視差Chapter 5 Memory memory(記憶):the storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced.3， Implicit memory(內(nèi)隱記憶):refers to memories of which people are not consciously awar