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火電廠汽輪機(jī)振動(dòng)故障研究(留存版)

  

【正文】 實(shí)際情況對(duì)機(jī)組軸承標(biāo)高進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的調(diào)整。當(dāng)汽輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子與汽缸之間的間隙過大時(shí),汽輪機(jī)內(nèi)效率會(huì)降低;當(dāng)汽輪機(jī)與軸封之間的間隙過大時(shí)可能會(huì)引起蒸汽外漏或者空氣內(nèi)漏,從而影響機(jī)組的效率和真空;當(dāng)發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子與靜子之間的間隙過大時(shí)同樣會(huì)影響發(fā)電機(jī)的效率。即使如此,質(zhì)量不平衡目前仍是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)機(jī)組振動(dòng)的主要故障。隨機(jī)組參數(shù)的提高和高參數(shù)下運(yùn)行時(shí)間的延續(xù),工頻振幅逐漸增大,相位也隨之緩慢變化,一定時(shí)間后這種變化趨緩,最終基本不變。每年全國(guó)都會(huì)有幾臺(tái)大機(jī)組發(fā)生動(dòng)靜碰摩而出現(xiàn)大振動(dòng),但在處理過程中卻往往要走彎路。共振時(shí)的響應(yīng)取決于結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的頻響特性,激振力的大小不起關(guān)鍵作用。在不平衡量很小的情況下,只要沒有發(fā)生動(dòng)靜碰摩,即使支承剛度過低也不會(huì)出現(xiàn)振動(dòng)問題。運(yùn)行時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的老機(jī)組,由于應(yīng)力腐蝕,會(huì)在轉(zhuǎn)子原本存在誘發(fā)點(diǎn)的位置產(chǎn)生微裂紋,其后隨著環(huán)境因素的持續(xù)作用,微裂紋逐漸擴(kuò)展,發(fā)展為宏裂紋。轉(zhuǎn)子剛度的不對(duì)稱又使轉(zhuǎn)子在旋轉(zhuǎn)的一周中靜撓曲線改變兩次,這樣,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生兩倍頻的激振力,這個(gè)激振力與電磁力無關(guān),是轉(zhuǎn)子的力學(xué)特性決定的。立即打閘緊急停機(jī)。4451299623610911596612機(jī)在正常帶負(fù)荷運(yùn)行中振動(dòng)增大,整個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)子和缸體的溫度場(chǎng)已經(jīng)均勻,如果存在內(nèi)應(yīng)力,應(yīng)在這之前早已釋放。,停機(jī)后轉(zhuǎn)子靜止時(shí),測(cè)量大軸的晃度比原始值明顯增加。⑸ 必要時(shí)進(jìn)行高速動(dòng)平衡。老師和同學(xué)們都給了我很大幫助,在此表示衷心地感謝。如果認(rèn)定振動(dòng)原因是碰磨而又無法肯定碰磨的原因,一個(gè)不得已而為之的辦法就是根據(jù)檢查的碰磨具體部位,放大動(dòng)靜間隙。從2機(jī)情況看,從新機(jī)調(diào)試起,汽輪機(jī)就存在動(dòng)靜碰磨,經(jīng)過數(shù)次檢修,情況有所好轉(zhuǎn),當(dāng)前開機(jī)過程已經(jīng)較順利,振幅的增加量小于以往幾次啟動(dòng),但負(fù)荷高時(shí)仍然不時(shí)發(fā)生碰磨。如果2機(jī)發(fā)生碰磨的位置在上部,4調(diào)門全開自然可以壓低高壓轉(zhuǎn)子上浮量,減輕或消除碰磨。表53:測(cè)試期間四次振動(dòng)增加的通頻振幅最高值(微米): 測(cè)點(diǎn)振幅1X1Y2X2Y3X3Y4X5X偏心150103209103111修括阻油邊、補(bǔ)焊消除間隙,再次啟動(dòng),振動(dòng)仍未正常。振動(dòng)的特征:在振動(dòng)特征上有一點(diǎn)是共同的,即工頻振動(dòng)增大的現(xiàn)象;工頻振幅隨時(shí)間緩慢增大,時(shí)間度量大約是數(shù)十分鐘或1~2小時(shí)。 裂紋轉(zhuǎn)子汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組轉(zhuǎn)子出現(xiàn)裂紋的故障不多見,但仍偶有發(fā)生。和結(jié)構(gòu)共振一樣,設(shè)計(jì)存在一定的盲目性,最終導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)態(tài)特性出現(xiàn)問題。上述三種結(jié)構(gòu)形式中,如果支撐、缸體或臺(tái)板存在與轉(zhuǎn)子激振力一致的自振頻率,在一定條件下會(huì)發(fā)生共振。隨著現(xiàn)代機(jī)組動(dòng)靜間隙變小,碰摩的可能性隨之增加。瓦振為 47 mm∠118176。 每一軸封的進(jìn)汽溫度都不一樣,在運(yùn)行規(guī)程所允許的范圍內(nèi)調(diào)整軸封進(jìn)汽溫度會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)組的振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生一定的影響。不論是汽輪機(jī)還是發(fā)電機(jī),當(dāng)機(jī)組帶負(fù)荷受熱后都要產(chǎn)生膨脹,但是不能讓其自由膨脹,滑銷系統(tǒng)就是用于引導(dǎo)機(jī)組膨脹的。另外,如果機(jī)組的設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)也會(huì)引起機(jī)組的振動(dòng)。針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)子熱變形的故障處理就是更換新的轉(zhuǎn)子以減低機(jī)組異常振動(dòng)。多油楔可傾瓦軸承一般不會(huì)出現(xiàn)油膜振蕩。如圖23轉(zhuǎn)子質(zhì)量不平衡:振幅與轉(zhuǎn)速的平方成正比;通過臨界轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)振動(dòng)明顯加劇;最大振幅相位隨轉(zhuǎn)速變化而變化。同時(shí)在汽輪機(jī)上還裝設(shè)有保護(hù)裝置,最常見的有危機(jī)保安器、盤車裝置以及軸向裝置等。 火電廠主設(shè)備汽輪機(jī)主體主要包括:u 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部分:動(dòng)葉柵,葉輪,主軸,聯(lián)軸器u 固定部分:氣缸,蒸汽室,噴嘴,隔板,隔板套,汽封,軸承,機(jī)座等;u 盤車裝置:火電廠主要由三大設(shè)備組成:鍋爐、汽輪機(jī)和電機(jī)。原煤一般用火車運(yùn)送到發(fā)電廠的儲(chǔ)煤場(chǎng),再用輸煤皮帶輸送到煤斗。 ABSTRTurning it on, tiny mechanical vibration is inevitable, vibration amplitude do not exceed the specified standard belongs to the normal vibration. Here said the vibration, refers to the unit in rotation than original levels increase amplitude, especially increases to more than allow standard vibration and is abnormal vibration. Any kind of abnormal vibration the damage of equipment are hidden danger. Strong vibration and can cause other crew ponents loose even damaged, aggravate action part friction, form vicious circle, aggravate equipment damage. Abnormal vibration of steam turbine generator running is the prehensive reflection of defects, hidden trouble, is the failure of the signal. Therefore, new installation or maintenance of units, must pass after trial run, testing all bearing vibration and each bearing vibration in shaft in qualified standard, party to the unit under in operation. Vibration exceeds the then must find reason and take measures will vibration to qualified range, production or investment can be handed over a normal recent decades the relevant domestic unit to handle of vibration fault the history and experience and lessons, and explain the qualitative vibration fault is not difficult, but in general the concrete reason to determine the fault when malfunction, because of the mechanism analysis differences, makes misjudgment occur frequently. Therefore, of vibration fault diagnosis in addition to need field experience outside, still should master a certain foundation theory and scientific analysis ability, like this can quickly find out the exact cause of failure, and puts forward the correct radical measures, but not blindly defies the insitu high dynamic balance method, make surface vibration reduced, in fact no cure, the unit after a period of operation or after repair recurring, vibration. And steam turbine thermal power enterprise undertakes the mission of generating focus. Due to its long operation, key parts longterm wears away wait for a reason, steam turbine failure frequently appeared, it seriously affected the generator set in normal operation. Steam turbine turbine abnormal vibration is plicated in the mon faults a fault. Due to the vibration of the unit by various influence, often associated with machine ontology as any equipment or medium will be the reason of vibration, such as inlet steam parameters, scanty water, oil temperature, oily, etc. Therefore, in view of the steam turbine abnormal vibration analysis of the reasons are particularly important, only found reasons to symptomatic maintenance. According to lead to various causes turbine abnormal vibration analysis is the key maintenance turbine abnormal vibration.目錄緒論 5第一章 火電廠汽輪機(jī)概述 6 6 火電廠主設(shè)備 7 汽輪機(jī)作用、功能等簡(jiǎn)介 7第二章 汽輪機(jī)振動(dòng)故障分析 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 1原因及排除 1原因與排除 12第三章 汽機(jī)振動(dòng)的影響因素 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16第四章 常見的振動(dòng)故障的診斷 16 16 子 的 彎 曲 17 17 18 18 19 20 20 20 21 21 21第五章 火電廠汽輪機(jī)組常見異常振動(dòng)實(shí)例分析 22 22 29結(jié)論 30致謝 31參考文獻(xiàn) 32緒論汽輪機(jī)是一種以蒸汽為工質(zhì),并將蒸汽的熱能轉(zhuǎn)為機(jī)械功的旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械,是現(xiàn)代火力發(fā)電廠中應(yīng)用最廣的原動(dòng)機(jī)。設(shè)計(jì)題目: 專題(論文)題目: 指導(dǎo)老師: 答辯委員會(huì)根據(jù)學(xué)生提交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)材料,根據(jù)學(xué)生答辯情況,經(jīng)答辯委員會(huì)討論評(píng)定,給予學(xué)生 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)成績(jī)?yōu)? 。因此,機(jī)組振動(dòng)故障的診斷除需要現(xiàn)場(chǎng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)外,還應(yīng)該掌握一定的基礎(chǔ)理論和科學(xué)的分析能力,這樣才能快捷地找出故障的確切原因,提出正確的根治措施,而不致盲目地一概采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)高速動(dòng)平衡的方法,使得表面上振動(dòng)有所減小,實(shí)際上沒有根治,機(jī)組經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的運(yùn)行或檢修后,振動(dòng)重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。 而汽輪機(jī)組擔(dān)負(fù)著火力發(fā)電企業(yè)發(fā)電任務(wù)的重點(diǎn)。 由鍋爐過熱氣出來的主蒸汽經(jīng)過主蒸汽管道進(jìn)入汽輪機(jī)膨脹作功,沖轉(zhuǎn)汽輪機(jī),從而帶動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電。 汽輪機(jī)作用、功能等簡(jiǎn)介汽輪機(jī)是發(fā)電廠的的原動(dòng)機(jī),它是把蒸汽的熱能轉(zhuǎn)化為大軸的機(jī)械能。若出現(xiàn)異常振動(dòng),表明存在機(jī)械故障,影響安全運(yùn)行。 中心錯(cuò)位 上張口 下張口 圖 23 轉(zhuǎn)子質(zhì)量的不平衡本機(jī)組轉(zhuǎn)子采用單軸承支撐,且各軸承座落地,運(yùn)行中軸承中心基本不變。簡(jiǎn)單的說就是確定機(jī)組產(chǎn)生汽流激振的工作狀態(tài),采用減低負(fù)荷變化率和避開產(chǎn)生汽流激振的負(fù)荷范圍的方式來避免汽流激振的產(chǎn)生。因此,機(jī)組的振動(dòng)不可避免,只要振幅不超過允許值,不影響安全運(yùn)行。在現(xiàn)場(chǎng),經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)由于連接螺栓未擰緊而引起振動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象。 活動(dòng)部件檢修期間如果有活動(dòng)部件進(jìn)入汽輪機(jī),大修后開機(jī)活動(dòng)部件可能在汽流的沖擊下撞傷甚至損壞汽輪機(jī)葉片,從而造成嚴(yán)重的事故,并引發(fā)機(jī)組振動(dòng);如果發(fā)
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