【正文】 absorption of downward irradiance is included in the temperature (heat) equation in the form of其中a和b為組成短波輻照度的長波長和短波長（藍(lán)綠）的衰減長度；R為長波長輻照度占總通量的百分比。坐標(biāo)變換定義如下：where s varies from 1 at the bottom to 0 at the surface. In this coordinate, equations ()() are given as其中的變化范圍為1（底部）到0（表面）。動(dòng)量的Smagorinsky水平擴(kuò)散如下：where C is a constant parameter and is the area of the individual momentum control element (see Chapter 3 for definition). It is clear that the value of varies with the model resolution and the gradient of horizontal velocities: decreasing as the grid size or horizontal velocity gradients are reduced.其中C為恒定參數(shù)，為單獨(dú)動(dòng)量控制元的面積（定義見第三章）。這些模型的詳細(xì)描述可參考GOTM手冊(cè)和本章的參考列表。因?yàn)樵诒砻婧偷撞?，所以l在邊界處為0。為經(jīng)驗(yàn)常數(shù)，k 模型的詳細(xì)描述和改進(jìn)由 Burchard 和 Baumert (1995)提出，并將在下面簡單介紹。Donelan (1990) 和 Smith et al. (1992)提出可由波齡和空氣邊界粗糙參數(shù)（）由下式估計(jì)出：Specifying (Charnock’s relation), (Smith et al., 1992。(Mellor and Yamada, 1974, 1982)，和為理查森梯度參數(shù)。k 模型是一種交替的湍流閉合模型，在動(dòng)力學(xué)上與q ql湍流閉合模型相似。The 2D (vertically integrated) momentum and continuity equations are given as: 二維（垂直積分）動(dòng)量方程和連續(xù)方程如下：where and are defined as其中和定義如下：and the horizontal diffusion terms are approximately given as水平擴(kuò)散項(xiàng)近似如下：The overbar “190。在有限體積近似中，不規(guī)則底部地形的底部傾斜、溫度梯度和鹽度梯度可由簡單的格林定理直接算出。The surface and bottom boundary conditions for temperature are:溫度的表面和底邊界條件為：where is the surface net heat flux, which consists of four ponents: downward shortwave, longwave radiation, sensible, and latent fluxes, SW( x, y,0,t ) is the shortwave flux incident at the sea surface, and is the specific heat of seawater. is the horizontal thermal diffusion coefficient, is the slope of the bottom bathymetry, and n is the horizontal coordinate shown in Figure (Pedlosky, 1974。如果用戶發(fā)現(xiàn)任何這本手冊(cè)和FVCOM代碼之間的矛盾，可能是手冊(cè)中的印刷問題。 Chapter 3: the finitevolume discrete method。 Chen et al. 2001。這些不受出版的限制。通過這些途徑可以使整個(gè)FVCOM社區(qū)快速通知用戶代碼問題、可能的解決方法、主要代碼改進(jìn)、FVCOM源代碼和程序所需要的聯(lián)合軟件工具進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)、顯示和解釋FVCOM模式輸出。Naimie, 1996)。給出了所有步驟的詳細(xì)說明（如網(wǎng)格生成、模式輸入和輸出、匯編、平行計(jì)算等）。第二章：模型公式；第三章：有限體積離散方法；第四章：外強(qiáng)迫；第五章：開邊界處理；第六章：四維數(shù)據(jù)同化方法；第七章：沉積模塊；第八章：生物模塊；第九章：示蹤物追蹤模型；第十章：三維拉格朗日粒子追蹤模型；第十一章：海冰模塊；第十二章：代碼平行計(jì)算；第十三章：模式編碼和總說明；第十四章：模型安裝；第十五章：模型設(shè)置；第十六章： 模型應(yīng)用的舉例；第十七章：自由網(wǎng)格產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)例子。Fig. : Illustration of the orthogonal coordinate system: x: eastward。在有限差分近似中由這兩項(xiàng)的不精確計(jì)算引起的錯(cuò)誤可能使實(shí)際值偏大。在給出海表面上升的條件下也可解決三維方程。Recently, the General Ocean Turbulent Model (GOTM) has bee a very popular opensource munity model (Burchard, 2002). The GOTM implements a number of turbulence modules which range from a simple Richardson parameterization to plex Reynoldsstress turbulence closure models. These modules include the ( q ql ) and (k ) turbulent closure models (where is the turbulent kinetic energy and is the turbulent dissipation). The k model is an alternative turbulent closure model that is very similar in dynamics to the q ql turbulent closure model. The most recent version of the k model also includes a more plete form of the pressurestrain covariance term with buoyancy, anisotropic production and vorticity contributions such that the cutoff of mixing is shifted from (original model) to (Canuto et al., 2001). The GOTM library has been interfaced with FVCOM and the full functionality of GOTM is available to FVCOM users. Brief descriptions of the original (q ql ) and the general form of the k model now featured in FVCOM are given below. Detailed descriptions of these models can be found in the GOTM manual and references listed in this paragraph. 近期，大洋湍流模型（GOTM）成為了普遍使用的開放源碼模型。 H is the mean water depth。也是復(fù)雜波動(dòng)力學(xué)的一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)參數(shù)。在此模型中，旋轉(zhuǎn)粘性（）仍由式（）給出，但由水平速度和垂直成層結(jié)構(gòu)的垂直剪切函數(shù)給出。 Mellor and Blumberg (2004) introduced a new turbulent kinetic energy flux surface boundary condition into the MY level model, in which Mellor and Blumberg (2004)where is a parameter related to the wave age。 Kq is the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient of the turbulent kinetic energy。例如，水溫（T）由下式給出where is the area of the individual tracer control element (see Chapter 3 for definition and is the Prandtl number.其中為單獨(dú)示蹤控制元的面積（定義見第三章）；為普朗特?cái)?shù)。從物理上說，這種簡化等同于假定水平擴(kuò)散僅出現(xiàn)在平行層。The surface and bottom boundary conditions for salinity are： 鹽度的表面和底邊界條件如下：where and are precipitation and evaporation rates, respectively. .Note that a groundwater flux can be easily added into the model by modifying the bottom boundary conditions for vertical velocity and salinity.其中和分別為降水率和蒸發(fā)率；；可以通過改變底邊界條件的垂直速度和鹽度將地下水流量加入模型。 P is the pressure。 Chapter 10: the 3D Lagrangian particle tracking。 Chen et ). Unlike the differential form used in finitedifference and finiteelement models, FVCOM discretizes the integral form of the governing equations. Since these integral equations can be solved numerically by flux calculation (like those used in the finitedifference method) over an arbitrarilysized triangular mesh (like those used in the finiteelement method), the finitevolume approach is better suited to guarantee mass conservation in both the individual control element and the entire putational domain. From a technical point of view, FVCOM bines the best attributes of finitedifference methods for simple discrete coding and putational efficiency and finiteelement methods for geometric flexibility. This model has been successfully applied to study several estuarine and shelf regions that feature plex irregular coastline and topographic geometry, including intertidal flooding and drying (see or for descriptions of these initial applications).我們開發(fā)了三維自由網(wǎng)格、自由表面、原始方程、有限體積海岸大洋環(huán)流模型（FVCOM）(Chen et al. 2003a。 Chen et al. 2004a). The greatest advantage of the finiteelement method is its geometric flexibility. Triangular grid meshes of arbitrary spatiallydependent size are monly used in this method, and can provide an accurate fitting of the irregular coastal boundary. The Ptype FiniteElement Method (Maday and Patera, 1988) or Discontinuous Galerkin Method (Reed and Hill, 1973。An Unstructured Grid, FiniteVolume Coastal Ocean Model（無規(guī)則網(wǎng)格的有限體積海岸海洋模型）FVCOM User Manual（FVCOM