【正文】 s 4–8 refer to the passage above.　4. The primary purpose of the passage is to （主旨）　　　(A) present several explanations for a wellknown fact 　　(B) suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate 　　(C) argue in favor of a controversial theory 　　(D) question the methodology used in a study 　(E) discuss the implications of a research finding 　　　　　5. According to the passage, pared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area （細節(jié)）　(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions 　(B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures 　(C) populated the La Brea area more densely 　　(D) consumed their prey more thoroughly 　(E) found it harder to obtain sufficient prey 　　6. According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by （細節(jié)）　　　(A) the aging process in individual carnivores 　　　(B) contact between the fossils in the pits 　(C) poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pits 　　(D) the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of their prey 　(E) the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills 　　　7. The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that （邏輯）　(A) the older an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures 　(B) the average age at death of a presentday carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore 　(C) in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individuals 　(D) the methods used to determine animals’ ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals 　(E) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and presentday carnivores 　　　　8. According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded that （推論）　(A) the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossil remains in the La Brea pits 　(B) the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pits 　(C) Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect to consumption of carcasses 　(D) all Pleistocene carnivore species differed behaviorally from presentday carnivore species 　　(E) predator densities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high　　Passage 3　題材類型：社會科學　結(jié)構類型：問題回答型　組織方式：總分，提出問題=提出方案=分析可行性　　　主要對象：archaeology　作者態(tài)度：177?！?. 邏輯題　1)支持題　　support / strengthen　　?。喊讶钡臈l件補上去　　　：直接重復結(jié)論 　　?。号e文章沒說的例子作正面論據(jù)　2)反對題　　　 weaken / undermine / call into question / cast doubt on　　　　?。悍磳υ颉　　　　。悍醋C法　　　　 用虛擬語氣承認B對，推出一個矛盾、謬誤或不可能的情況，結(jié)論：B不成立　　　?。悍磳Y(jié)論　　　?。捍嬖谄渌蚍ā　　　　? 反對A推出B，證C推出B即可?！。簯B(tài)度題?。喝》穷}　?。菏聦嶎}、改善題　　　　直接事實題(直接就原因或結(jié)果提問)　　　　　改善題(由于某個原因?qū)е履硞€理論“不好”)——回文找、取非?。菏聦嶎}、取非題　　　正著出：直接事實題　　　反著出：取非題　?。号e例題　舉例作用題in order to?。毫信e題　　　記位置?。菏聦嶎}　轉(zhuǎn)為出題而設置　　　　　直接事實題　　　　從前不從后原則(主題題中不能選延伸性內(nèi)容的同意變換)　　　　最高級、唯一性、比較級、引號、括號、破折號　　　　尤其是引用其原話的(老觀點中的不用看)　　　　　出現(xiàn)三四次　　　　　某句話的適用范圍超過了文章的適用范圍，這句話就是普遍性原理?！　《?、結(jié)構類型　　　1. 結(jié)構類型的區(qū)分　　　　　不要光看開頭，看后面如何展開　　　　現(xiàn)象解釋型：為什么？ 　　　　　問題解決型：如何改變？　　　　　結(jié)論解釋型：有什么內(nèi)容？　　　2. 新老觀點型　　老：1)喜新厭舊：traditionally / once / old / recently / until recently / 老時間　　　　 2)標新立異：most / many / frequent(ly) / usually / mon　　　　新：強轉(zhuǎn)折however，新觀點易在第一段中部或第二段開頭出現(xiàn)　　　主題句：明確代表新觀點的那句話　　3. 現(xiàn)象解釋型　　 現(xiàn)象：自然科學：自然現(xiàn)象　社會科學：史實(人物、時間、事件)　　　　解釋：原因，主體，評價(即為什么發(fā)生？如何發(fā)生？)：往往有多個理論，其寫法、主體、評價、代表人物。注意推理，以及支持和反對?！　? ★并列或遞進：發(fā)生在多個論據(jù)之間　　furthermore, moreover, in addition to　　 first,一個原因second,一個原因　 1…, 2…, however（第三個原因最重要）…　2)不知道該不該看時，試探性地閱讀，找整個句子的主語、謂語　　3)整個文章的處理順序　　　 文章結(jié)構=重點細節(jié)（主體詞）=做題（查細節(jié)）　　　 閱讀時間：做題時間 = 1：2或者2：3　　　4)不能舍掉的東西：　　　 ★ 強轉(zhuǎn)折、強對比　　　 ★ “古怪”的語言：文章后半部分出現(xiàn)的新名詞、臨近結(jié)尾的轉(zhuǎn)折、英文成語、修辭方法(主要是比喻)、不正常的“復合詞”(作者生造出來的用 HYPHEN連接的詞)　　　 ★ surprisingly / unfortunately / paradoxically / ironically開頭的句子　3. 推測　　　　遇到單詞或句子不理解時，從前后就近之處尋找相同題材的其他說法，如沒有強轉(zhuǎn)折、強對比，則它們的意思應該大體相同，正負評價應該一致；如有強轉(zhuǎn)折、強對比，……　　五、出題點　　?。褐黝}題　包括內(nèi)容性、寫法性　　　有明確主題句的文章出內(nèi)容性主題題；　　　套路清晰的文章出寫法性主題題；　　　　　套路特別清晰出organization題?！?)大列舉(FIRST, SECOND,…)　　　 “羅馬數(shù)字題”(回原文定位)　 特殊情況：有些羅馬數(shù)字題與大列舉無關，是信息題。 indeed, most panies invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is no guarantee that increased economic growth from ecoefficiency will e in similarly ecoefficient ways, since in today’s global markets, greater profits may be turned into investment capital that could easily be reinvested in oldstyle ecoinefficient industries. Even a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and species than would a smaller, less ecoefficient economy. Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global environment and sustain economic growth, businesses must develop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste. Focusing exclusively on ecoefficiency, which offers a pelling business case according to established thinking, may distract panies from pursuing radically different products and business models.　　Questions 1–3 refer to the passage above.　　　1. The primary purpose of the passage is to （主旨）　　　(A) explain why a particular business strategy has been less successful than was once anticipated 　　　(B) propose an alternative to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage 　　　(C) present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuing a part