【正文】 t to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970 71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theseswriting, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. [D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberalarts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a nonspecialist liberalarts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed fo r a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. [F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”O(jiān)therwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to bee less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say. [G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an indepth exploration of the central idea of selfhelp writing. (46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughtsand reveal its erroneous most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless。 you don’t “ get” success but bee it. There is no gap between mind and matter. \Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstance s do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ,however, would be a kneejerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us。 productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大 2家 giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very 大 3家 to being experimented upon changed subjects39。rzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeththereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1． [A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like 2． [A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3． [A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4． [A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5． [A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6． [A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7． [A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8． [A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9． [A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10． [A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11． [A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12． [A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 13． [A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14． [A]exhausts [B]follows [C]pre