【正文】 speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed fo r a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. [F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”O(jiān)therwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to bee less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say. [G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an indepth exploration of the central idea of selfhelp writing. (46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughtsand reveal its erroneous most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless。s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephoneparts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stopfloor lighting 大 1家 workers39。 behavior 大 10家 itself. After several decades, the same data were 大 11家 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大 12家 the descriptions on record, no systematic 大 13家 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大 14家 interpretation of what happed. 大 15家 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 大 16家 rose pared with the previous Saturday and 大 17家 to rise for the next couple of days. 大 18家 , a parison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大 19家 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大 20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect is hard to pin down. 1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored 2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off 3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof 4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous 5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments 6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work 7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as 8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion 9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant 10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by 11. [A] pared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed 12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to 13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source 14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading 15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual 16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly 17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued 20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in Englishlanguage newspapers during the past quartercentury, perhaps the most farreaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when highquality arts criticism could be found in most bigcity newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in generalcirculation dailies. We are even farther removed from the unfo。 behavior. The idea arose because of the 大 4家 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大 5家 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大 6家 what was done in the experiment。 you don’t “ get” success but bee it. There is no gap between mind and matter. \Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstance s do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of thos