【正文】 pleasure they called the util. 13 序數(shù)效用 ? An ordinal (序數(shù) ) measure simply ranks goods relative to one another. ? You can say you like peas better than broccoli (花椰菜 ) and you like ice cream better than both of those vegetables, but you don’t really need to say how much to rank your preferences (偏好 ) for these goods. 14 背景知識 ? 用序數(shù)效用論取代基數(shù)效用論的原因有二： 1. 對于一些不可缺少物品的效用，基數(shù)論可能給出不合理的結(jié)果。 33 資金配置問題小結(jié) ? 最優(yōu)資金配置計算結(jié)果概括如下： 產(chǎn)品部門 1 2 3 資金用量 48 凈收益 收益率 % % % 邊際收益率 34 為什么需求曲線向下傾斜 ? The equimarginal principle perfectly explains why demand curves slope downward. 35 ? A higher price for a good reduces the consumer’s desired consumption of that modity. 36 測試問題 ? Try to fill the the empty boxes correctly with either an equals sign, a greater than sign, or a less than sign. MUx Px MUz Pz MUx Px MUz Pz = = consume more of good x consume more of good z 37 正確的回答 MUx Px MUz Pz MUx Px MUz Pz consume more of good x consume more of good z 38 閑暇和最優(yōu)配置 ? The same rule of maximum utility per hour can be applied to many different areas of life. ???? l e i s u r ew o r ks t u d y MUMUMU? It is not a merely a law of economics. It is a law of rational choice (理性選擇 ). 39 替代效應(yīng)和收入效應(yīng) 40 選擇性的方法 ? Over the last few decades, economists have developed an alternative approach (方法 ) to analysis of demand—one that makes no mention of marginal utility. ? This alternative approach uses ―indifference curves‖ (無差異曲線 ) to rigorously and consistently (嚴(yán)格和一致地 ) produce the major propositions about consumer behavior. 41 替代效應(yīng) ? The first factor explaining downwardsloping demand curve is the substitution effect (替代效應(yīng) ). ? The substitution effect says that when the price of a good rises, consumers will tend to substitute other goods for the more expensive good in order to satisfy their desires more inexpensively. 42 收入效應(yīng) ? The second factor explaining downwardsloping demand curve is the ine effect (收入效應(yīng) ). ? The ine effect denotes the impact of a price change on a good’s quantity demanded that result from the effect of the price change on consumes’ real ines. 43 名義收入和實際收入 ? We have to understand the difference between nominal ine (名義收入 ) and real ine (實際收入 ). ? Nominal ine is the face value of what we have in our pocket or bank account. ? Real ine signifies the actual amount of goods and services that your ine can buy. 44 市場需求 45 替代品和互補(bǔ)品 ? Goods are substitutes (替代品 ) if an increase in the price of one increases the demand for the other. ? Goods are plements (互補(bǔ)品 ) if an increase in the price of one decreases the demand for the other. ? Goods are independent (無關(guān)的 ) if a price change for one has no effect on the demand for the other. 46 一些物品的需求價格彈性 Commodity Price elasticity Tomatoes Green peas Legal gambling (合法賭博 ) Taxi service Furniture Movies Shoes Legal service (法律服務(wù) ) Medical insurance (醫(yī)療保險 ) Bus travel (公共交通 ) Residential electricity (民用電 ) 47 價格彈性和替代品 ? The greater the number of substitutes for a good, the more elastic its demand will be. ? Beef has a lot of substitutes – poultry (家禽 ), fish, and soy products (豆制品 ). ? In contrast, crack cocaine has little or no subs