【正文】 iological theory Source: Steve Batti Source: Steve Batti 社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的崛起 ? 透過社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析可以較為精準(zhǔn)的勾勒出何謂的「社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)環(huán)境」。 Analytic methods deal directly with the patterned, relational nature of social structure in order to supplement – and sometimes supplant – mainstream methods that demand independent units of analysis. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析的傳統(tǒng) Historical roots: ?Social anthropology (Barnes 1954。因此結(jié)構(gòu)的影響可以推論到不同時(shí)代。 ?The social structure features greatly determined the milieux in which dyadic ties operate. ?很多關(guān)係的維繫或解體與當(dāng)事的兩造所處的結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。 2020, Valdis Krebs “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” Analytic Principles Asymmetric ties and plex works differentially distribute scares resources 網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的理論基礎(chǔ) Copyright 169。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的理論基礎(chǔ) “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” ?(2) Norms emerge from location in structured systems of social relationships ?Structural analysis seek explanations in the regularities of how people and collectivities actually behave rather than in the regularities of their beliefs about how they ought to behave. ?規(guī)範(fàn)為結(jié)構(gòu)地位的效果而非原因。以規(guī)範(fàn)來解釋的傾向使得研究者比較注意相似的行為而非相異的行為。 A central consideration is how the patterned relationships among multiple alters jointly affect work members39。 社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的觀點(diǎn) ? (1)行動(dòng)者及其行動(dòng)之間具有 互相依賴 關(guān)係，而不是將之視為獨(dú)立自主的個(gè)體。這些集體的屬性被個(gè)體以個(gè)別的方式來?yè)碛?。但可能有某種社會(huì)機(jī)制可以解釋性別及種族在勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的不同機(jī)會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu) 。 2020, Valdis Krebs 箭頭方向代表單向諮詢意見 “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” Analytic Principles ?行動(dòng)者之間有直接的關(guān)係也有間接的關(guān)連，因此比需置於整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)中來定位。 2020, Valdis Krebs 間接關(guān)係有何關(guān)係？ “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” Analytic Principles ?關(guān)係是結(jié)構(gòu)化的，不是隨機(jī)的，因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)也不是隨機(jī)的，而是群聚有界線的。 ?網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析是透過 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的整體組成性質(zhì) 來瞭解行為 ?沒有獨(dú)立存在的關(guān)係。 傳統(tǒng)的行為解釋破壞原本的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu) 原始的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu) 傳統(tǒng)的行為解釋破壞原本的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu) 女性選民 男性選民 依性別來分析投票行為 原始的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu) Third Principle ? Patterns of population variability vary with social context, which is often defined by time and space. ? “Social Context Principle” “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” ?(astructure independent unit)， 加總破壞連結(jié)個(gè)體之間的固定關(guān)係模式 (patterned connections)。 ? (3)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型認(rèn)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)環(huán)境可以為個(gè)別行動(dòng)提供 機(jī)會(huì) 或產(chǎn)生行動(dòng)的 侷限 (constraint)。 Faust, 1994:4) 網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的理論基礎(chǔ) Theory: A structural Approach to Sociology ?Wellman ?Emirbayer “Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance.” Five elements: ?社會(huì)行為的結(jié)構(gòu)侷限 ?專注於社會(huì)行動(dòng)單位彼此之間的關(guān)係 focus on relations among units (as opposed to categories) ?與同重的他人的複雜關(guān)係影響行為 relationships among multiple alters affect people behavior ?結(jié)構(gòu)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的網(wǎng)絡(luò) structure is a work of works ?直接處理結(jié)構(gòu)的分析方法 analytic methods deal with this structure directly 網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的理論基礎(chǔ) Five paradigmatic characteristics of structural analysis 結(jié)構(gòu)分析的五個(gè)典範(fàn)特質(zhì) ? (1) 以結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)於行動(dòng)的侷限來解釋行為，而不是以行動(dòng)者的某種內(nèi)在力量（如內(nèi)化的社會(huì)規(guī)範(fàn)）驅(qū)使行為朝向自願(yuàn)、具目的性的方向來解釋行為Behavior is interpreted in terms of structural constraints on activity rather than in terms of inner forces within units (., socialization to norm) that impel behavior in a voluntaristic, sometimes teleological, push toward the d