【正文】 Developments in China?s Grand Strategy, Security Strategy, and Military Strategy 北京在 2020 年 12 月發(fā)布了中國(guó)國(guó)防白皮書 ,這是自 1998 年以來第五份中國(guó)國(guó)防白皮書 , 描述了中國(guó)的安全觀念和國(guó)防政策 ,以及實(shí)現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代化的計(jì)劃 . 所宣傳的政策 ,這份文件反映了中國(guó)輕微改善透明度 ,但這并不充分的闡述了中國(guó)軍事力量的構(gòu)成 , 宗旨和軍事發(fā)展的 預(yù)期目的 . Beijing released China?s National Defense in 2020 in December, its fifth Defense White Paper since 1998, to describe China?s security perceptions, national defense policies, and the goals of its modernization programs. As declaratory policy, the paper reflects a modest improvement in transparency, but it does not adequately address the position of China?s military forces, or the purposes and desired endstates of China?s military development. 北京在 2020 年 10 月發(fā)布了中國(guó)的航天活動(dòng) ,而前一版是于 2020 年出版 . 本文 回顧中國(guó)太空計(jì)劃的歷史 ,并提出了一個(gè)未來的規(guī)劃圖 . 該文件還討論了中國(guó)同各合作伙伴參與空間活動(dòng) . 但它為能明確記載中國(guó)的航天計(jì)劃和反空間活動(dòng) ,以及空間的軍事應(yīng)用 . Beijing released China?s Space Activities in 2020 in October – the previous edition was published in 2020. The paper reviews the history of China?s space program and presents a roadmap for the future. The paper also discusses China?s cooperation with various partners in space activities. It remains silent on the military applications of China?s space programs and counterspace activities. 2020 年 1 月 ,中國(guó)向本國(guó)的一顆氣象衛(wèi)星成 功地試射了一枚反衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)彈 , 展示了中國(guó)有能力攻擊在低地球軌道上運(yùn)行的衛(wèi)星 . 測(cè)試所產(chǎn)生的前所未有的碎片對(duì)所有的有空間航行器的國(guó)家構(gòu)成了危害 . In January 2020, China successfully tested a directascent, antisatellite (ASAT) missile against a Chinese weather satellite, demonstrating China?s ability to attack satellites operating in lowEarth orbit. The test put at risk the assets of all space faring nations and posed dangers to human space flight due to the creation of an unprecedented amount of debris. 證據(jù)表明在 2020年 ,中國(guó)修改了 1993年新的歷史時(shí)期的軍事戰(zhàn)略方針 , 人民解放軍指導(dǎo)文件的軍事戰(zhàn)略與軍事 力量的發(fā)展 . 具體指引的內(nèi)容尚不得而知 . Evidence in 2020 suggests that China revised the 1993 Military Strategic Guidelines for the New Period, the People?s Liberation Army (PLA) guidance documents for military strategy and forces development. The specific contents of the guidelines are not known. 中華人民共和國(guó)主席胡錦濤和俄羅斯總統(tǒng)普京宣布 2020年為 俄羅斯年 ,并在北京期間舉行了 3 次會(huì)議 ,這是在不到 12 個(gè)月的時(shí)間內(nèi) ,兩國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間的第五次會(huì)議 . 兩國(guó)于 2020 年建立它們的聯(lián)合軍事演習(xí) , 2020 年兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人同意加強(qiáng)軍事交流 ,并舉辦八次軍事合作活動(dòng) . PRC President Hu Jintao and Russian President Vladimir Putin proclaimed 2020 as “The Year of Russia” during their March meeting in Beijing, the leaders? fifth meeting in less than twelve months. Building on their joint exercise in 2020, the two leaders agreed to increase military exchanges and hold eight cooperative military activities in 2020. 在 2020 年最大的年度新能源所簽訂的合約中 ,反映了日益關(guān)注的能源和資源的需求 ,包括同沙特阿拉伯和幾個(gè)非洲國(guó)家的新的協(xié)定 . 中國(guó)努力使得中國(guó)與非洲國(guó)家在 2020 年的合作達(dá)到高潮 , 11 月的首腦會(huì)議在北京由非洲 53 個(gè)國(guó)家中的 40 個(gè)國(guó)家的元首以及 8個(gè)國(guó)家的代表出席 . Reflecting increasing concerns over energy and resource needs, 2020 saw the largest annual increase in new energy contracts signed by China, including new agreements with Saudi Arabia and several African countries. China?s effort to court African nations in 2020 culminated with a November summit in Beijing attended by 40 heads of state and delegates from 48 of the 53 African nations. 2020 年 3 月 ,中國(guó)正式開展的第 11 個(gè)五年計(jì)劃 ( 20202020 年 ),其中包括雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃20 %降低能耗 ,每單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 ) 2020 年增加了一倍 ,中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值到 2020年比 2020年番一番 ,整體國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 4萬億美元 ,到 2020年 . 該計(jì)劃強(qiáng)調(diào)和諧發(fā)展 ,加強(qiáng)在農(nóng)村的投入 ,解決收入差距和社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩 . In March 2020, China formally launched its 11th Five Year Plan (20202020), which includes ambitious calls for a 20 percent reduction in energy consumption per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2020, a doubling of China?s 2020 GDP by 2020, and an overall GDP of $4 trillion by 2020. The plan stresses coordinated development, and greater investment and urbanization in the rural interior, to address ine disparities and social unrest. 官方的報(bào)告稱 , 在 2020年完成 群眾性事件 下降 22 % . 不過 ,在這些事件中 ,主要是針對(duì)地方政策以及官員 , 持續(xù)反映了民眾對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利和強(qiáng)迫遷移 ,勞動(dòng)權(quán)益 ,養(yǎng)老金腐敗和警察的暴行的不滿 . Official reports claim the number of “mass incidents” declined 22 percent in 2020. Nevertheless, these incidents, directed mainly at local policies and officials, reflect continued popular dissatisfaction with official behavior related to property rights and forced relocations, labor rights, pensions, pollution, corruption, and police brutality. 中國(guó)的區(qū)域發(fā)展與戰(zhàn)略 Developments Related to China?s Regional Strategy 中國(guó)對(duì)于朝鮮在 7月日本海上空發(fā)射的彈道導(dǎo)彈 ,和 10月的核試驗(yàn) ,投票支持聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)1695 號(hào)和 1718 號(hào)的決議 ,繼續(xù)努力使用外交手段 , 具體來說 ,六方會(huì)談是中國(guó)的解決朝鮮的核問題的計(jì)劃 . 會(huì)談中 ,包括美國(guó) ,日本 ,韓國(guó) ,俄羅斯和朝鮮 ,以及中國(guó)等簽署協(xié)議 , 2020年 2月初步執(zhí)行 2020 年 9 月的聯(lián)合聲明 ,即朝鮮半島無核化 . China responded to North Korea?s ballistic missile launches over the Sea of Japan in July and nuclear test in October by voting in favor of UN Security Council Resolutions 1695 and 1718 and by continuing efforts to use diplomatic means, specifically the Six Party Talks, which China hosts, to address North Korea?s nuclear programs. The Talks, which involve the United States, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and North Korea, as well as China, produced agreement in February 2020 on initial steps to implement the September 2020 Joint Statement on denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula. 日本新首相安倍晉三在 11 月的訪問中國(guó)之行 ,有助于緩解東京與北京之間的緊張關(guān)系 .然而 ,諸如在東海的領(lǐng)土糾紛 ,對(duì)尖閣 /釣魚臺(tái)群島的歸屬問題 ,中國(guó)努力阻止日本爭(zhēng)奪一個(gè)聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)常任理事國(guó)席位 ,是導(dǎo)致雙方的摩擦根源 . The visit of new Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to China in November helped to ease somewhat tensions between Tokyo and Beijing. However, issues such as territorial disputes in the East China Sea, over the Senkaku/Diaoyutai islands, and China?s efforts to block Japan?s quest for a seat on the UN Security Council remain sources of friction. 2020 年 10 月 ,中國(guó)人民解放軍海軍的宋級(jí)柴油電力潛艇 ,在日本近海的小鷹號(hào)航母附近露出水面在 . 這一事 件表明 ,必須長(zhǎng)期努力 ,提高美國(guó)和中國(guó)的軍用飛機(jī)和海軍在彼此靠得很近時(shí)的安全性 . 2020年 這些努力產(chǎn)生了兩個(gè)分期雙邊搜索及拯救演習(xí) (一期在美國(guó)海岸 ,二期在中國(guó)沿海 ) . In October