【正文】 so uses geometry as a basis for design. The choice for the initial twodimensional (2D) geometry of the glass roof tells the spectator a story about the building’s history and its close relationship to the history of the sea. At the origin of this 2Dgeometry lies a loxidromemap with 16 wind roses (shown in Fig. 4). This geometric drawing is found on sea charts displayed inside the museum. This geometric 2D diagram is the basis for the structural mesh. A lightemitting diode, with variable color and intensity, is placed at the intersection of the structural subelements. The cupola’s structural mesh reads as a fine line drawing against the sky, and bees a powerful scenographic instrument and a symbolic hemisphere. Physical Numerical Form and Its Analysis Starting from this geometric 2D mesh pattern, an exact 3D shell surface needs to be developed that will hold the shell. The material choice for the skeletal shell is set to steel (taking both pressive and tensile loads). The existing situation imposes the contextual boundary conditions. ? The shell’s height cannot appear above the historic building’s ridge. ? The courtyard fa231。 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 eL2xT2 t 1 eL2yT2 s t ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 eL2xT2 t 1 eL t yT2 s t ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffif。 (b) prefabricated Crystal Palace (United Kingdom, built in 1851) was dismantled soon after its intended use (reprinted from originally from Tallis’ History and Criticism of the Crystal Palace. 1852)。 Steel。這主要因?yàn)楹茈y找到最優(yōu)形式對(duì)于那些依靠拉伸和壓縮膜 應(yīng) 力 相互抵消的殼體結(jié)構(gòu) 。 施萊希和漢斯 這些自由延伸的構(gòu)造會(huì)在建筑物產(chǎn)生不利的內(nèi)力，也會(huì)在建筑物的表面造成無(wú)法預(yù)料的其它不利力的影響。 the Deutschen Historischen Museum, and Museum fur Hamburgische Geschichte, 德國(guó) (如期分別在 2021 和 2021 年建成的 Schlaich Bergermann and Partners)。平面化 感官 。 對(duì)照此 種方法 得到 麥克斯韋 互惠 網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖 。 這些設(shè)計(jì) 形式在 從雕塑到幾何 再向 結(jié)構(gòu) 轉(zhuǎn)變 。 關(guān)鍵詞 :形狀 。大量光線 進(jìn)入展 覽 區(qū) 的建筑物 ， 如水晶宮、英國(guó) (建于 1851 年 )(如圖所示在 Fig. 1)。 回顧最近的設(shè)計(jì)我們就會(huì)意識(shí)到，推動(dòng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)玻璃殼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的因素主要是建筑形態(tài)美學(xué)而非結(jié)構(gòu)的性能。 [我們可以從 花之圣母大教堂 的圓頂及其最近的混凝土外殼的設(shè)計(jì)中找到這樣的例子。 在二十世紀(jì) ,建筑師和工程師 [高迪 (Huerta 2021),奧托 (Otto et al .1995), 易思樂 (Billington 2021)]嘗試 利 用物理形式 尋找這樣一種方法 ,在 對(duì)于一個(gè)給定的材料 ,建立 一組邊界條件和重力荷載 ,以尋找 有效的三維結(jié)構(gòu)形狀。 Finding the Form of an Irregular Meshed Steel and Glass Shell Based on Construction Constraints Sigrid Adriaenssens, 。 Maxwell reciprocal work. Introduction In the wake of the Industrial Revolution, glass metal structures appeared as a result of two factors: society’s desire for green, quiet spaces in overpopulated cities, and the scientific emergence of new construction materials (glass and iron). In the early nieenth century, the first greenhouses with a glazed roof appeared as living spaces. Their tall construction and maintenance costs (because of the glass and the required heating system) made them style icons of the elite. Their curved shapes [(1) ridge and furrow ., Chatsworth, United Kingdom (built in 1834), and (2) vaulted, ., Kew, United Kingdom (built in 1844) (Kohlmaier and Von Sartory 1991)] allowed the sparse sunlight into the space and hit the citrus and lime trees (hence, the name orangery). Other varieties of tender plants, shrubs, and exotic plants were also housed in the orangery. The introduction of the palm tree, an impressive and prestigious plant with large religious significance, pushed the shape of the greenhouse further upwards. In the middle of the nieenth century, the development of greenhouse typologies was in full swing, and resulted in culture houses, conservatories, and winter gardens [., the Royal greenhouses, Laeken, Belgium (built in 1876) shown in Fig. 1 (Woods and Swartz 1988)]. The winter garden is of particular interest to this paper because it defines a social meeting place adjacent to a private mansion or public building. Mass production of affordable iron in the second half of the nieenth century further encouraged the design and construction of tall and large span exhibition halls made of cast and wrought iron and glass. Plenty of light entered the exhibition areas of buildings, such as the Crystal Palace, United Kingdom (built in 1851) (shown in Fig. 1). Its filigree iron structural skeleton was prefabricated, and it was subsequently dismantled and moved from Hyde Park to Sydenham in South London. Unfortunately, it was destroyed by fire in 1936. The second half of the 20th and the early 21st centuries experienced a new uprising of the design and construction of roofs over social gathering places, winter gardens without plants, covering courtyards of historically important public buildings [., the great courtyard of the British Museum, United Kingdom。 yiT, the plan coordinates of the ith vertex at which two lines cross. Then, the heights of the nodes, zi, need to be calculated so that all of the glass facets are flat, although the shape of the structure is domelike, as shown in Fig. 5. Clearly, this is only Fig. 6. Plan geometry of the roof a problem for facets with four or more sides because a flat triangle can always be constructed with three arbitrary vertices. Formulation of the Problem It is supposed that the equation describing the jth flat facet is z ajx t bjy t cj e5T If the ith vertex is on the jth facet zi ajxi t bjyi t cj e6T To get the faceted surface to form the dome, it needs to be pulled toward the desired shape. Imagine that the dome was connected to vertical springs at each vertex, such that the tension in each spring is equal to si189。 Mi 5 lumped mass at node i。 Steel glass shell。 這樣， 一個(gè)邀請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)大賽 被 舉辦 ，為這座 歷史建筑 增加更多 附加價(jià)值 一個(gè)新的玻 璃屋頂 產(chǎn)生了 。 在 實(shí)現(xiàn)膜 強(qiáng) 度 的 穩(wěn)定 性， 曲線形狀是至關(guān)重要的。 福