【正文】 afety of construction. Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 35m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of various rock section, in the event of the siege soft 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文 7 rock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction. Excavation level of character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with sufficient space and a faster rate of construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortings of operations interfere with each other. It should be noted at the bottom of the upper operational stability, level of excavation will increase the number of country rock. (3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Division level, from top to bottom hole lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance some of excavation, it may be called derivative ahead excavation pit method. Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages stage method, height can be lengthened, the twolane tunnel for a holefold, cycling Road Tunnel hole 2 times。 rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects. The next heading advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ , Ⅲ rock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit wall first arch Act. Its advantages are : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor arrangements for the use of small machinery and construction. The drawbacks : The next section will guide small, slow construction and construction processes more, construction and management difficult. Unilateralarm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when using this method. Its characteristics are : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages. Bilateral arm Heading law : in largespan shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially poor rock used. Advantages of this method are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost. 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文 8 main tunnel construction technology 1. Cave construction （ 1） excavation slope around Lofting total station measurements, the use of excavators from top to bottom, paragraph by paragraph excavation, not the amount of excavation or the end of next overlapping excavation, remove pits with the above may slump topsoil, shrubs and rock slopes, rock strata of slope excavation needs blasting, Discussion should focus mainly loose blasting. Also partial artificial finishing, when excavation and inspection slope of slope, if sliding and cracking phenomenon and slowing down due slope. （ 2） .Cheng Tungsupporting Yang Brush Singapore Singapore after the pletion of timely inspection plate slope gradient, the gradient to pass the inspection, the system set up to fight time anchor, and the exposed bolt heads, hanging metal based work expansion and bolt welding into first overall. Linked work immediately after the pletion of shotcrete and repeatedly jet until it reaches the thickness of the design so far. （ 3） .as of gutter construction Yang slope away from the groove 5 meters excavation ditch interception, interception gutter mainly mechanical excavation, artificial finishing, after dressing, immediately masonry made of mortar and stones, and the floor surface with mortar. 2. Auxiliary construction （ 1） A long pipe roof Sets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, assembling reinforcement, the guidance of lofting 127 installation guide, concrete pouring. Pipe specifications : Heat Nazarbayev Seamless Steel Tube ￠ 108 mm and a thickness of 6 mm, length of 3 m, 6 m。 if necessary, set up only orifice Pulp Cypriots. （ 3） . bolting ahead : The Chalu must be greater than 14 degrees, grouting satiated and lap length is not less than 1 meter. construction Embedded parts used by the Design Dimensions plank make shape design, installation in contrast snoop plate car, and position accuracy (error 177。 N slurry watercement ratio 1:1 N 35 Baume concentration of sodium silicate。 When u ↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock selfstability P=P0PE=Ku。 N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm。 50CM), the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear. 4. Leveling Construction Installation templates, at the request of both sides leveling layer calibration position to install template. Sidechannel steel templates used [10, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimously to allow deviation 177。 Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 2050 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed immediately shotcrete excavation face and then 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文文獻(xiàn)及譯