【正文】 tup for franchisees, versus percent for the independent firms. The above figures on sales per employee and per dollar of invested capital are possibly capturing industry effects rather than franchise vs. independent firm differences. Franchisees are heavily overrepresented in retailing and finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE), and they are underrepresented in other service industries. Among all 20,554 of the small firms described in table one, weighted statistics on industry distribution indicate that in the young firm universe franchises and independent firms pooled together retailing, FIRE, and other services account for percent, percent, and percent of all small firms (by number). Examining the same data industry by industry, franchises make up percent of all retailers, percent of the firms in FIRE, percent of all small businesses, but only percent of the firms operating in other services. Looking solely at franchise firms in retailing, sales per employee is $106,790 and sales per dollar of startup capital is $。s nonrandom sampling in the creation of the CBO: the firms described in this study are therefore representative of young firms that grossed at least $5000 in total revenues in 1987 .This study covers only firms formed over the 19841987 period and the unit of analysis is firms, not persons. Thus, the universe of firms covered in this study is 4,005,561 small businesses. A description of the CBO sample of young firms analyzed in the following pages appears in the appendix of this study. The sample of franchise firms analyzed here’s not identical with the universe of franchise units opened between 1984 and 1987 for several reasons. First, some franchise units are owned by the franchisor. Second, some new franchise units are owned by multiunit firms that began operations before 1984. Third, multiunit new firms included in this study might own franchise operations at several locations, but such a firm is only counted once, because the unit of analysis here is the firm. Thus, the failure rate for all new franchise units operating in 1987 that opened up between 1984 and 1987 may differ from the closure rate reported in this study. C. Characteristics of franchise and independent young firms Existing studies identify traits that are positively correlated with firm longevity. The larger scale, older small businesses have higher survival rates over time than smaller, younger firms (Evans, 1987。一份來自美國統(tǒng)計局公布的人口普查特點 ,利用企業(yè)主數(shù)據(jù)庫對 20554 家 年輕公司進行了調(diào)查 ,這些公司在 1991 年晚些時候 體現(xiàn)了關(guān)于企業(yè)存活率的問題 。商業(yè)失敗率數(shù)據(jù)的傳播是通過個人的特許企業(yè)和國際特許經(jīng)營協(xié)會的 ， 92%的特許經(jīng)營初創(chuàng)公司在最后的 5 年仍在營業(yè) ,然而獨立公司只有百分之 23。首先 ,一些特許經(jīng)營單位屬于連鎖店。第一部分的摘要提供的一些證據(jù)表明特許經(jīng)營的關(guān)系與這些虛擬優(yōu)勢是一致的。 F 結(jié)論 在為數(shù)不多的調(diào)查特許經(jīng)營經(jīng)驗學(xué)術(shù)研究中 ,我沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)證據(jù)是關(guān)于被特許人存活率以任何方式一致的結(jié)果。貝茨， 1990)。簡單的比較特許經(jīng)營、獨立經(jīng)營的業(yè)務(wù)特點 是 有明顯潛在的誤導(dǎo)性的 ,因為在這兩個組中存在非常不同的行業(yè)。以上所述所有組平均值差別在統(tǒng)計上是顯著的 ,盡管年輕的明星企業(yè)有明顯的優(yōu)勢，但他們在同樣的年齡階段時戲劇性的比獨立公司賺的利潤更少 ,并且具有較低的生存率 ,只有百分之 (非特許企業(yè)是百分之 )在 1987 到 1991 年后期 ,這些差別在統(tǒng)計上是明顯大于傳統(tǒng)水平的。國會預(yù)算局對少數(shù)民族和婦女企業(yè)主抽取樣本 ,并對雇工的小型企業(yè)大范圍的抽樣。本研究中的年輕小 企業(yè)的摘要和 各個 時點 的 數(shù)據(jù)都是來自全國大小型企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫；企業(yè)主 (CBO)數(shù)據(jù)庫是來自于 1992 年美國統(tǒng)計局公布的人口普查數(shù)據(jù)。本研究檢查的是在特許經(jīng)營、無特許小公司從 1984 年到 1987 年的生存方式 :生存超過 1991 年時對所有企業(yè)進行跟蹤。畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯 題 目： 農(nóng)村零售終端連鎖經(jīng)營模式研究 一、外文原文 標(biāo)題： A Comparison of Franchise and Independent Small Business Survival Rates 原文： ABSTRACT. Aspiring entrepreneurs choosing to bee franchisees certainly expect to improve their chances of survival during the turbulent early years of business startup and operation. Alignment with a franchisor parent pany offers the franchisee managerial assistance, access to financial capital, and access to markets via the right to utilize the parent pany trademark. This study examines survival patterns among franchise and non fran