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液壓挖掘機(jī)的半自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)外文翻譯-液壓系統(tǒng)(留存版)

  

【正文】 lied in the feedback loop Fig. 6.. As shown in Fig. 7, the adaptive gain (KZ or Ku). is characterized as a function of two variables , and Z. means how the arm is extended, and Z means the height of the bucket. 5. Simulation results The level crowding control was simulated by applying the control algorithm described in Section 4 to the hydraulic shovel model discussed in Section 2. In the simulation, our large SK16 hydraulic shovel was employed.. Fig. 8 shows one of the results. Fiveseconds after the control started, load disturbance Fig. 6. Block diagram of control system (Z). Fig. 7. Gain scheduling according to the attitude. was applied stepwise. Fig. 9 shows the use of feedforward control can reduce control error. 6. Semiautomatic control system Based on the simulation, a semiautomatic control system was manufactured for trial, and applied to the SK16 shovel. Performance was then ascertained by field tests. This section will discuss the configuration and functions of the control system. . Configuration As illustrated in Fig. 10, the control system consistsof a controller, sensors, man–machine interface,and hydraulic control system. The controller is based on a 16bit microputer which receives angle input signals of the boom, arm, and bucket from the sensor。 Feedforward。 Bi sspool width。構(gòu)造出了具有控制器的液壓挖掘機(jī)的精確數(shù)學(xué)控制模型,同時(shí)通過(guò)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)研發(fā)出了其控制算法,并將其應(yīng)用在液壓挖掘機(jī)上,由此可以估算出它的工作效率。 現(xiàn)已經(jīng)研發(fā)一種控制算法系統(tǒng)來(lái)解決這些技術(shù)問(wèn)題,通過(guò)在實(shí)際的液壓挖掘機(jī)上試驗(yàn)證實(shí)了該控制算法的作用。P1i是液壓缸的頂邊壓力; P2i是液壓缸的桿邊壓力; Vi是在液壓缸和管道的油量; Bi是滑閥的寬度; γ 是油的密度; K 是油分子的黏度; c 是流量系數(shù)。 X10 是 0,給出的系數(shù)a0= 10 ,a1= 10 ,a2= 10 .加上加速度反饋放大系數(shù) Ka,因而閉環(huán)(圖 4 的上環(huán))的傳遞函數(shù)就是 加入這個(gè)因素 ,系數(shù) S 就變大,系統(tǒng)趨于穩(wěn)定。如圖 7 所示,自適應(yīng)放大系數(shù)( KZ 或 Kθ)作為函數(shù)的兩個(gè)變量, 2 和 Z 、 2 表示斗柄的伸長(zhǎng)量, Z 是表示鏟斗的高度。 ( 1)反鏟水平動(dòng)作模式:用水平反鏟切換開關(guān),在手控斗柄推動(dòng)操作中,系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)的控制斗柄以及保持斗柄底部的水平運(yùn)動(dòng)。以動(dòng)臂為例,僅只有位置反饋時(shí),響應(yīng)趨向不穩(wěn)定。 8 結(jié)論 本文表明狀態(tài)反饋與前饋控制組合,使精確控制液壓挖掘機(jī)成為可能。 50ms 時(shí),其控制操作不能作如此大提高。 非線性補(bǔ)償?shù)淖饔? 圖 11 表明動(dòng)臂下降時(shí)的測(cè) 試結(jié)果。除此之外,在每一液壓缸上安裝壓力傳感器以便獲得壓力反饋信號(hào)。 采用測(cè)量斗柄操作手柄的位置(如角度)取代測(cè)斗柄的角速度,因?yàn)轵?qū)動(dòng)斗柄的角速度與操作手柄的位置近似成比例。因此,自動(dòng)控制操作中,利 用這種關(guān)系,閥芯位移可由所要求的閥的開度反推出來(lái)。 。這就是所謂的半自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)。al The effects of control interval on control performance were investigated. The results are: 1. when the control interval is set to more than 100 ms, oscillation bees greater at attitudes with large moments of inertia。Psi ssupply pressure。 mean boom arm, and bucket, respectively.) . Hydraulic model Each joint is driven by a hydraulic cylinder whose flow is controlled by a spool valve, as shown in Fig. 3. We can assume the following: 1. The open area of a valve is proportional to the spool displacement. 2. There is no oil leak. 3. No pressure drop occurs when oil flows through piping. 4. The effective sectional area of the cylinder is the same on both the head and the rod this problem, for each joint, we have thefollowing equation from the pressure flow characteristics of the cylinder: when, where, Ai seffective crosssectional area of cylinder。idual attachments For each attachment of the boom, arm, and bucket, the reference angle was changed 58 stepwise from the initial value, and the responses were measured。 例如,液壓挖掘機(jī)的反鏟水平動(dòng)作,必須同時(shí)操控三個(gè)操作手柄(動(dòng)臂,斗柄,鏟斗)使鏟斗的頂部沿著水平面(圖 1)運(yùn)動(dòng)。可作如下假設(shè): 。 非線性補(bǔ)償 在普通的自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)中,常使用如伺服閥這一類新的控制裝置。 前饋控制 由圖 1 計(jì)算 Z,可以得到 將方程( 8)兩邊對(duì)時(shí)間求導(dǎo),得到以下關(guān)系式, 右邊第一個(gè)式子看作是表達(dá)式(反饋部分)將 替換成 1,右邊第二個(gè)式子是表達(dá)式(前饋部分)計(jì)算當(dāng) θ2手動(dòng)地改變時(shí), θ1的改變量。 控制器是采用 16 位 的微處理器,能接收來(lái)自動(dòng)臂、斗柄、鏟斗傳感器的角度輸入信號(hào),控制每一操作手柄的位置,選擇相應(yīng)的控制模式和計(jì)算其實(shí)際改變量,將來(lái)自放大器的信號(hào)以電信號(hào)形式輸出結(jié)果。 單個(gè)組件的自動(dòng)控制測(cè)試 對(duì)于動(dòng)臂、斗柄、鏟斗每一組件,以 177。圖 14 表示其作用,表明反鏟在離地大約 2 米時(shí)水平動(dòng)作結(jié)果。 將這些控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用在其它結(jié)構(gòu)的機(jī)器上,如履帶式起重機(jī),能使普通結(jié)構(gòu)的機(jī)器改進(jìn)成為可讓任何人容易操控的機(jī)器。 反鏟水平控制測(cè)試 在不同的控制和操作位置下進(jìn)行控制測(cè)驗(yàn),觀察其控制特性,同時(shí)確定最優(yōu)控制參數(shù)(如圖 6 所示的控 制放大系數(shù))。 ( 2)鏟斗水平舉升模式:用鏟斗水平舉升切換開關(guān),在手控動(dòng)臂舉升操作中,系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)控制鏟斗。)圖 8 表示其中一組結(jié)果。為了避免這個(gè)問(wèn)題,改用液壓缸力反饋取代加速度反饋(圖 4 的下環(huán))。 滑閥的反應(yīng)特性 滑閥動(dòng)作對(duì)液壓挖掘機(jī)的控制特性產(chǎn)生會(huì)很大的影響。 2.液壓挖掘機(jī)的模型 為了研究液壓挖掘機(jī)的控制算法 ,必須分析液壓挖掘機(jī)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。采用這種機(jī)器進(jìn)行挖掘和裝載操作,要求司機(jī)要具備高水平的操作技能,即便是熟練的司機(jī)也會(huì)產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)大的疲勞。 and csflow coefficient. . Link relations In the model shown in Fig. 1, the relation between the cylinder length change rate and the attachment rotational angular velocity is given as follows: (1)leg (2). arm (3). bucket 當(dāng) 時(shí), Fig. 3. Model of hydraulic cylinder and valve. . Torque relations From the link relations of Section , the supply torque t is given as follows, taking cylinder friction I into consideration: Where, Cci is the viscous friction coefficient and Fi is kiic frictional force of a cylinder. . Response characteristics of the spool Spool action has a great effect on control , we are assuming that the spool has the following firstorder lag against th
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