【正文】 其他合金，比如不銹鋼可能用在控制流體有腐蝕作用的流體上。因?yàn)楦咚倭黧w要通過液體，它從泵里帶走液體一部分，同時(shí)，高速流產(chǎn)生一個(gè)真空，這個(gè)真空又把液體吸入泵內(nèi)。多級(jí)的往復(fù)泵的泵系列有多個(gè)剛體。與它類似，離心泵的早期形式，螺桿泵，通過一個(gè)管子螺絲釘?shù)慕M成，當(dāng)旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，把水提升上去。下面介紹四種類型的泵。錯(cuò)流和逆流的任何排列形式都是可行的，并且在同一設(shè)備中可以安排三種或三種以上的流束，壓力下降、熱交換關(guān)系的設(shè)計(jì)其他方面被很好的記載。摩擦飲食和熱傳遞系數(shù)碎著班的空間和波紋的種類變化。在另外的一些國家，對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)部件這真正的數(shù)據(jù)是由多次測(cè)試而確定的。如果疲勞分析被要求，這個(gè)特殊的周期和力也被給出。對(duì)于那些在低溫環(huán)境下運(yùn)行或盛裝液體的容器，必須注意保證材料在低溫下的抗擊能力。由于它們傳遞剪切力所以裙座是經(jīng)濟(jì)的。因?yàn)檩^大的力，ASME標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，八卷一節(jié)中，規(guī)定當(dāng)錐形內(nèi)部施加壓力頂角限制成小于30度。用一種結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)另一種依靠很多因素，如成型方法、材料成本、和空間限。內(nèi)應(yīng)力和殘余應(yīng)力是不好的因?yàn)樗逛摰募庸げ糠之a(chǎn)生彎曲。C左右。C到595176。增加硬度，以提高到鋼的抗耐磨性和加強(qiáng)鋼使之能承受更多的使用條件。這些方法介紹如下。s demand for clean energy, but also is the most viable hydrogen production methods from renewable energy near the : largescale:，大量的utilization:，利用renewable:，可再生的viable:，改善能源結(jié)構(gòu)，減少環(huán)境污染，滿足人們對(duì)清潔能源的需求，而且是近中期最為可行的可再生能源制氫方式。第二篇：過程裝備與控制工程專業(yè)英語翻譯In our parison of the net electrical power output of both bined heat and power(CHP)and poweronly plants, the electrical output of the CHP plants is assumed to be the output that could the oretically be produced if there were no heat electrical power凈電力bined heat and power熱電聯(lián)供Plant設(shè)備be assumed to be假設(shè)為Theoretically理論地；理論上在我們的熱電聯(lián)供和只供電的設(shè)備的凈電力輸出比較中，熱電聯(lián)供設(shè)備的電力輸出是看做理論上如果沒有熱輸出時(shí)產(chǎn)生的輸出量。3。（2）健康 我們都意識(shí)到制藥部門工業(yè)對(duì)保持我們健康主要貢獻(xiàn)。相反地，制造工業(yè)的那些收集和發(fā)布統(tǒng)計(jì)資料的正式部門會(huì)有自己的定義正如操作過程被分類為“化學(xué)工業(yè)”。舉個(gè)特別的例子來解釋則個(gè)困境，乳化油漆可以含有聚合物（聚乙烯樹脂）/聚脂（乙烯基醋酸纖維）。化學(xué)工業(yè)對(duì)食物生產(chǎn)的主要貢獻(xiàn)至少體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面。同樣地，這幾年化學(xué)工業(yè)在交通運(yùn)輸方面的貢獻(xiàn)也得到很大改善，添加劑如抗化劑和和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的油粘性的改進(jìn)提高，使日常工作距離增加從300英里到6000再到12000英里。后者需要龐大的資本家投資，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)單獨(dú)的這種規(guī)模的工廠需要花費(fèi)250 000 000美元！這樣的話，結(jié)合自動(dòng)控制設(shè)備的廣泛應(yīng)用，來解釋為什么化學(xué)工業(yè)是資本集中型而不是勞動(dòng)集中型。Thus, a bined cycle plant can be designed that uses the hot flue gases produced from organic waste bustion to generate steam and gasify liquid methane in stages to turn a steam turbine and a gas turbine respectively , and the flue gases, cooled down, can be used to predry the organic waste in a cycle for use as fuel to increase the efficiency of the —；turbine—渦輪機(jī)；因此，一個(gè)聯(lián)合循環(huán)電廠可以被設(shè)計(jì)成這樣：使用有機(jī)垃圾燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱煙氣分步地去生產(chǎn)蒸汽去轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)蒸汽輪機(jī)和氣化液態(tài)甲烷去轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)，然后被冷卻下來的煙氣可作為燃料循環(huán)地用于預(yù)熱有機(jī)垃圾以提高電廠的效率。Reasons for Heat TreatingHeat treatment of steel is usually intended to acplish any one of the following objectives:Stress relievingStress relieving is the heating of steel to a temperature below the transformation temperature, as in tempering, but is done primarily to relieve internal stress and thus prevent distortion or cracking during is sometimes called process Tempering consists of reheating a quenched steel to a suitable temperature below the transformation temperature for an appropriate time and cooling back to room this process makes steel tough will be discussed Hardening is carried out by quenching a steel, that is, cooling it rapidly from a temperature above the transformation is quenched in water or brine for the most rapid cooling, in oil for some alloy steels, and in air for certain higher alloy steel is quenched, it is usually very hard and brittle。熱處理的原因鋼的熱處理通常是為了達(dá)到以下的任一目的：消除冷卻過程中產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)應(yīng)力和高溫金屬物體因冷卻不均勻而產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力?；鼗鹪阱N頭的制造中能增加抗敲擊能力，而硬度只有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的下降。大多數(shù)的機(jī)械加工鋼產(chǎn)品都需要交替變形和退火操作。在冷卻時(shí)，熱部分周圍的冷金屬就會(huì)阻止收縮。雖然在一些場(chǎng)合應(yīng)用載荷和外壓控制，要求的厚度通常由內(nèi)壓決定。許多工廠都可以提供不同直徑和厚度的封頭而且在價(jià)格上有很強(qiáng)的競爭力。這些開口不總是有一個(gè)接管被安裝在開口。設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須與過程工程師進(jìn)行交流為的是所有備用材料歸因于容器的整體完整性。坐落位置也得給出一邊風(fēng)、雪、地震的要求可能被確定。對(duì)于這個(gè)溫度變化到建立許用壓力的緩慢破壞的溫度，這所有建立的許用壓力是在屈服強(qiáng)度的基礎(chǔ)上的。緊密的縫隙和波紋的板框換熱器，在兩側(cè)的上部達(dá)到了管殼式換熱器的幾倍，而且板框式換熱器的污垢系數(shù)較小。因?yàn)槁N片式換熱器之間的間距小，所以不適合易堵塞的設(shè)備。0F。這樣最后形成溢流，水從管口處流出。在升液泵中，活塞通過手上下移動(dòng)。這時(shí)葉輪就近似于螺旋推進(jìn)器。閥的尺寸范圍很大，小的用在汽車輪胎的閥，大的用在控制水閘和大壩上。而且毫無疑問它們的發(fā)展也是這個(gè)順序。其他類型的泵仍然存在其他很多類型的容積泵，一般用帶有很多保密配合的圓形突出的回轉(zhuǎn)件。同時(shí)葉輪也給液體一個(gè)較高的過度，這個(gè)過度能夠使泵的一個(gè)固定部件轉(zhuǎn)化成壓力。在這些區(qū)域里，早期的泵是為了將水一桶一桶的從水源或河渠中提升到容器中。水泵是用管子或其他機(jī)械把水從一個(gè)地方傳到另一個(gè)地方。套管式換熱器套管式換熱器是由一個(gè)尺寸比較大的和中間一個(gè)尺寸比較小的中央管通過塑料密封套連接而成。螺旋型換熱器在螺旋形換熱設(shè)備中，熱流進(jìn)入螺旋單元的中心，并且流到邊緣。Unit 19換熱器的種類換熱器起初是為了在熱流和冷流中傳熱。這些計(jì)算被準(zhǔn)備和鑒定由一個(gè)專業(yè)的工程師在壓力容器的設(shè)計(jì)試驗(yàn)中。如果有就按規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行。一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)是支腳直接連在容器上并且力是由剪切產(chǎn)生的。可能是圓形、方形、矩形或其他形狀。設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)的許多細(xì)節(jié)在ASME標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，第八卷第一節(jié)中給出。這步驟就叫做去應(yīng)力退火，或僅僅叫去應(yīng)力。那就是說，一塊區(qū)域可能比周圍的含有更多的碳。另一方面，退火過程的目的是為了使鋼更容易變形和機(jī)器加工。改變或修正鋼的磁性。完全退火的突出的特點(diǎn)是：（a）溫度高于臨界溫度（b）緩慢冷卻，通常是爐冷。 higher temperatures are employed, toughness or shock resistance of the steel is increased, but the hardness and strength is the ability of a metal to change shape before it quenched martensite is hard but not ductile。p?ret]……蒸發(fā)；使……脫水；使……消失，揮發(fā)；消失，失蹤C(jī)ombustion [k?m39。典型的數(shù)字占到銷售收入的5％，是大部分研究和制藥部門的兩倍?，F(xiàn)在的合成纖維的性能比以前的服飾材料（如麻，棉）有了顯著的改善。例如原油，首先要變成化工中間產(chǎn)品，然后轉(zhuǎn)變成相當(dāng)多種類的其他化工產(chǎn)品。D remains at very high the chemical industry’s contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements, Thus development of improved additives like antioxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 300 to 6000 to 12000 and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake again the contribution of automobile polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materialsdashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering exceeding 40%.(4)Shelter, leisure and terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenancefree( are resistant to weathering and do not need painting).Other polymers, and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials for reducing heat losses and hence reducing energy and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from allweather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis courts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf balls and footballs made entirely from synthetic major advances in this sphere have been in colorfastness, ., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond” them to the fiber have resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion they now span almost every color and hue of the visible if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this can readily be carried out,