【正文】 s. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology de partments., where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written do cumentation and because their own knowledge 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 34 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread. More recently, professional archaeologists have taken over. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past. In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 35 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an excavation at site of a fashionable nieenthcentury hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building39。s and 194039。s and 194039。s hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist39。s (D) After the 196039。 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 1 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) 1996 年 8 月托福閱讀全真試題 Questions 110 The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission is different BECause it occurs when an atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light. Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However , for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 2 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher powers. The first to succeed was Charles , then at Colombia University in New York . Instead of working with light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a maser for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not pleted until a couple of years later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter wavelength. The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 3 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) 37 yearold graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letter, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later,people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser. word coined in line 1 could best be replaced by (A) created (B) mentioned (C) understood (D) discovered word intervention in line 5 can best be replaced by (A) need 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 4 頁(yè) 共 40 頁(yè) (B) device (C) influence (D) source word it in line 6 refers to (A) light bulb (B) energy (C) molecule (D) atom of the following statements best describes a laser? (A) A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light. (B) An atom in a highenergy state. (C) A technique for destroying atoms or mo