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質(zhì)量管理培訓(xùn)課件(專(zhuān)業(yè)版)

  

【正文】 When the data consists of multiple samples of several observations each 2023/2/7 63 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University pchart 不合格 不合格 1 14 11 8 2 10 12 12 3 12 13 9 4 13 14 10 5 9 15 11 6 11 16 10 7 10 17 8 8 12 18 12 9 13 19 10 10 10 20 16 Total 220 20組樣本 , 每組 100個(gè)芯片 ,檢測(cè)每組樣本的不合格芯片數(shù) 。 – (3) 回到步驟 1go back to step 1. 2023/2/7 40 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 控制上限 Upper Control Limit 失控 Out of Control 受控 In Control 改善 Improved 范圍 Time 控制下限 Lower Control Limit 由控制到改進(jìn) Form control to improve 2023/2/7 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 41 誰(shuí)是一個(gè)有潛質(zhì)的好射手? Who is the Potentially Better Shooter? A B 2023/2/7 42 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 反饋控制原則 The Feedback Control Principle 干擾:一般或特殊原因 Disturbances: Common or special causes 性能測(cè)量 Measure 執(zhí)行 Actions 過(guò)程 Process Performance 決策 Decision 信息 Information 過(guò)程控制:有沒(méi)有特殊原因? Process control: Are there any special causes? 2023/2/7 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 43 控制圖 Statistical Process Control ? 使用控制圖(一個(gè)圖形化的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法) Uses process control charts (a graphical as well as statistical approach) ? 在固定時(shí)間區(qū)間里,收集正在進(jìn)行的過(guò)程中的樣本,測(cè)量質(zhì)量特性。 受此事件影響 , 菲利普公司的股票當(dāng)天即猛跌近 8%, 其他煙草類(lèi)公司的股票受其連累也紛紛下跌 , 致使華爾街股市下挫近 200點(diǎn) 。 2023/2/7 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 14 豐田的召回事件 ? 70年來(lái)的首次營(yíng)運(yùn)虧損 ? 產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題的原因 – 廠商設(shè)計(jì)不合理 – 生產(chǎn)管理不嚴(yán)格 – 供應(yīng)商零配件不合格 2023/2/7 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 15 設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程決定了產(chǎn)品的固有質(zhì)量 5% 70% 80% 據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)企業(yè)花費(fèi)5%的預(yù)算用于設(shè)計(jì)。 Worked at Western Electric, influenced by Walter Shewhart ? 強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)比戴明更加戰(zhàn)略和計(jì)劃導(dǎo)向的質(zhì)量策略 Emphasizes a more strategic and planning oriented approach to quality than does Deming ? 朱蘭協(xié)會(huì)仍然在積極推動(dòng)朱蘭哲學(xué)和質(zhì)量改進(jìn)實(shí)踐 Juran Institute is still an active anization promoting the Juran philosophy and quality improvement practices ? Quality trilogy質(zhì)量三步曲 2023/2/7 9 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 質(zhì)量管理 Quality Management ? 定義客戶(hù)需要的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的維度(傾聽(tīng)顧客的聲音),發(fā)展一個(gè)質(zhì)量控制程序來(lái)保證滿(mǎn)足這些維度。 Having knowledge of this and failing to correct and report it in a timely manner is uhical. 2023/2/7 27 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 高昂的成本 ? 2023年 10月 4日 , 美國(guó)洛杉磯高等法院陪審團(tuán)以 11票對(duì) 1票的絕對(duì)多數(shù) , 要求著名煙草商菲利普 Output from the process: Statistical Quality control (SQC, ., the use of statistical tools for process control to meet predefined quality standards), Statistical Process control (SPC). 2023/2/7 34 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 質(zhì)量保證的階段 Phases of Quality Assurance 2023/2/7 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 35 取樣檢測(cè) Acceptance sampling 過(guò)程控制 Process control 持續(xù)改進(jìn) Continuous improvement 生產(chǎn)前 /后的大量檢查 Inspection of lots before/after production 生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的檢查和糾正 Inspection and corrective action during production 把質(zhì)量涉及貫穿工藝過(guò)程 Quality built into the process 改進(jìn)最小 The least progressive 改進(jìn)最大 The most progressive 提綱 Outline ? 質(zhì)量與質(zhì)量管理 Quality and Quality Management ? 統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)程控制 Statistic Process Control ? 全面質(zhì)量管理 Total Quality Management (TQM) ? 6西格瑪 6 Sigma 2023/2/7 36 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 統(tǒng)計(jì)質(zhì)量控制 Statistical Process Control, SPC 2023/2/7 37 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)程控制 Statistical Process Control (SPC) ? 目的 Purpose – 質(zhì)量的一致性 Quality of conformance ? 使用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法防止不良品的出現(xiàn) Using statistical approaches to prevent the bad products to occur – 測(cè)定一個(gè)操作流程是“在控制中”還是“超出控制范圍” to determine whether an operation process is “in control” or has gone “outofcontrol” – 確認(rèn)流程中導(dǎo)致變差的原因 to identify the causes of variation in a process – 改進(jìn)流程 to improve the process 2023/2/7 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 38 兩種類(lèi)型的變動(dòng) Two Types of Variation ? 正常變動(dòng)(隨機(jī)誤差) Normal variation (Random errors) – 在輸出過(guò)程中由無(wú)數(shù)小因素造成的自然變化 Natural variations in the output of process, created by countless minor factors – 隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生 Common or random cause – 貫穿整個(gè)過(guò)程 Inherent in the process – 無(wú)法追查到單一因素 Not traceable to a single factor ? 異常變動(dòng)(系統(tǒng)誤差) Abnormal variation (Systematic errors) – 引起變化的原因是可知的 variation whose causes can be identified – 由特殊的原因引起(如工具磨損,材料缺陷,人為錯(cuò)誤等) created by special or assignable causes (., worn tool, defective material, human error 2023/2/7 39 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University “受控”還是“失控” “ In Control” or “Out of Control”? ? 假如沒(méi)有異常變動(dòng)出現(xiàn),則過(guò)程處于受控狀態(tài),若有異常變動(dòng)出現(xiàn),則處于失控狀態(tài)。 假設(shè)一個(gè)樣本均值超出了控制界限, 我們會(huì)拒絕原假設(shè),尋找一個(gè)造成失控的特殊原因 2023/2/7 53 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 花生醬問(wèn)題的均值控制圖 極差控制圖 Range ( R ) Chart ? 功能 Function – 監(jiān)控過(guò)程的波動(dòng) Monitor process dispersion ? 控制界限 Control limits 此處 R是樣本極差的均值, D4 和 D3 可以由下一頁(yè)的表查得 where R is the average of sample range, D4 and D3 are given in the following slide. RDLCLRDUCL34??2023/2/7 54 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 2023/2/7 55 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 010 5 10 15 20 25LCL = 0 UCL = 2023/2/7 56 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 花生醬問(wèn)題極差控制圖 假設(shè):延展性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差不變, 如果有樣本的區(qū)間超出了控制界限,我們就拒絕原假設(shè),找出特殊原因。 nonoccurrences cannot be counted. – 單位物體上的刮痕,碎片,凹痕或錯(cuò)誤數(shù) Scratches, chips, dents, or errors per item – 單位距離上的裂縫或壞點(diǎn)數(shù) Cracks or faults per unit of distance – 單位區(qū)域內(nèi)的折斷或破縫處 Breaks or Tears per unit of area – 單位體積內(nèi)的細(xì)菌或污染數(shù) Bacteria or pollutants per unit of volume – 單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的呼叫,投訴,失敗數(shù) Calls, plaints, failures per unit of time 2023/2/7 66 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University cchart 缺陷 缺陷 1 3 10 1 2 2 11 3 3 4 12 4 4 5 13 2 5 1 14 4 6 2 15 2 7 4 16 1 8 1 17 3 9 2 18 1 Total 45 18個(gè)線圈 , 檢測(cè)每個(gè)線圈的缺陷數(shù)量 。 Sampling distribution is a normal distribution even if the process distribution isn’t normal ? 這兩個(gè)分布的均值相等,但是樣本分布的方差較小。他們還要求瓦杰帕伊總理下令關(guān)閉印度國(guó)內(nèi)所有的麥當(dāng)勞連鎖店。 ?設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程決定了產(chǎn)品的固有質(zhì)量, ?進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量設(shè)計(jì),事半功倍! 質(zhì)量杠桿 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量 生產(chǎn)控制 工藝設(shè)計(jì) 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì) 2023/2/7 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zheji
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