【正文】 reduced deforestation。 nonmotorised transport。工業(yè)從業(yè)人員的研討會(huì)取得了非常良好的教育宗旨，取得了良好的反饋，從業(yè)人員意見首次被列入生命周期評(píng)估，結(jié)果表明，最低資本成本是不優(yōu)先考慮選擇設(shè)計(jì)方案，01無(wú)非法木材1802手機(jī)收集1703設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)范準(zhǔn)則1704目標(biāo)，指標(biāo)和時(shí)間表1705消除有毒物質(zhì)1506電子設(shè)備廢棄物處置程序1407高效照明1408定時(shí)器1409空氣幕1310電器性能額定值13另外32個(gè)，如表6所示選項(xiàng)已被采納為零售商可選設(shè)計(jì)方案，出現(xiàn)這些選項(xiàng)多準(zhǔn)則決策有一個(gè)良好的鍛煉易于實(shí)施和環(huán)境之間的平衡受益，并取得行使的成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，然而實(shí)際困難有阻止他們目前的，零售商決定他們是可選的設(shè)計(jì)在其未來(lái)商店設(shè)計(jì)解決方案，其余選項(xiàng)從零售商的整體負(fù)成績(jī)已由于其惡劣的經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的政策性能和較明顯的環(huán)境效益被拒絕。在車間，66個(gè)建設(shè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)選項(xiàng)??被提交給零售商的高管10組參與交付的旗艦店，供其審議?！斑@個(gè)得分貢獻(xiàn)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于其他兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)于每個(gè)選項(xiàng)，生命周期成本評(píng)估包括估計(jì)最初的資本開支和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本得分根據(jù)他們他們投入成本范圍。第一部分包括群決策過(guò)程?！∵@個(gè)案件的說(shuō)明直接加權(quán)法決策問(wèn)題時(shí)是首選方法。有限的可持續(xù)　　設(shè)計(jì)方案決策研究法涵蓋了各種類型的建筑物排除廢物管理。由于結(jié)合了環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)，生命周期評(píng)價(jià)是最好的工具。土地利用和交通平移。在中國(guó)每年有約650萬(wàn)公噸是由建設(shè)產(chǎn)生的浪費(fèi)[2]。采用的方法是一個(gè)完整的生命周期評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程,包括壽命周期成本、多準(zhǔn)則決策和群決策方法。1．能源效率/ CO2　　2．水效率　　3．表面水管理問(wèn)題　　4．網(wǎng)站廢物管理　　5．生活垃圾管理　　6．使用的材料　　7．一生的家庭另一個(gè)眾所周知的可持續(xù)發(fā)展評(píng)估工具是在能源和環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方法[4]，主要使用在美國(guó)。有大量的文獻(xiàn)和可持續(xù)的設(shè)計(jì)工具提供眾多的可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)方案由設(shè)計(jì)師選擇，　但是并不是所有的人可以在實(shí)際中實(shí)施。生命周期評(píng)估工具可以評(píng)估無(wú)限的可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)方案和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)估。當(dāng)選擇使問(wèn)題很有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和相互依存的相互聯(lián)系，這是更適合的決定?？v橫交錯(cuò)繪圖法被廣泛應(yīng)用于一個(gè)通用的、綜合性的設(shè)計(jì)選擇列表。例如，在面試調(diào)查的問(wèn)題中的每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)選項(xiàng)：設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇，以及如何評(píng)價(jià)12的環(huán)境效益的內(nèi)涵和實(shí)踐。投資者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)量采用常用低，中，高層次，得分為1，0和1。決策者可以選擇最佳作為他們的最合適的設(shè)計(jì)方案，在長(zhǎng)期可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略實(shí)踐。計(jì)劃提供工料測(cè)量師和規(guī)范性文件旗艦店估計(jì)生產(chǎn)成本頻段基礎(chǔ)?！笆謾C(jī)收集”等其他選項(xiàng)和“電子設(shè)備廢物處置程序，也作為義務(wù)教育設(shè)計(jì)方案由從業(yè)人員選擇盡管它們添加到零售商運(yùn)營(yíng)成本，然而，兩個(gè)方案環(huán)境優(yōu)勢(shì)，利于從業(yè)人員對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)。fuel switching from coal to gas。 restoration of cultivated peaty soils and degraded lands。 therefore their contribution to the total weight is independent [19]. The paired parison method [20] and the fuzzy ordering method [21] are usually suitable for plex ranking order problems. It is more suitable for decision making problems when the alternatives are quite petitive and interdependent to each other. The AHP method [22] has been applied in previous researches which are more suitable when the number of criteria and alternatives are massive and may be interdependent. For example, it has been used in building investment [23], final contractor selection [22], and dispute resolution strategy selection [24]. It is a good way to structure and break down a plex decision making process. Fuzzy logic has been applied in multicriteria decision making problems [25–28], group decisionmaking [29]。 material recycling and substitution。Lifecycle assessment for sustainable design options of a mercial building in ShanghaiNannan Wang a, YenChiang Chang b,*, Chris Nunn ca School of Management, Shandong University, Shandong, Chinab School of Law, Shandong University, Shandong, Chinac Faithful tGould, 30th Euston Tower, 286 Euston Road, London, UKa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 11 September 2009Received in revised form2 December 2009Accepted 5 December 2009Keywords:Life cycle assessmentSustainable building designMulticriteria decision makingGroup decision makingSustainability abstractBuildings are longlasting products which have huge impacts on the environment during their wholelives. The design of buildings should take into consideration longterm environmental and economic benefits. A life cycle assessment approach is developed and demonstrated in a case studydthe strategicdesign of a Flagship Store in Shanghai. Industrial practitioners were invited to the feasibility study. Their opinions were included in the life cycle assessment for the first time. The economic analysis takes account of not only the capital costs of the design options but also the running costs during the building’s economic life cycle. The methodology adopted is an integrated life cycle assessment process including life cycle costing, multicriteria decision making and group decision making methods. The workshops are successful in terms of educational opportunity for the practitioners and have obtained good feedbacks. The top 10 sustainable design options after the life cycle assessment process were chosen by the practitioners as the pulsory design strategies in their global environmental development agenda, whilst the other 32 design options as optional design solution for the international retailer’s future stores. The life cycle assessment tool demonstrated by a case study was proven to be a simple and efficient design tool in practice, and therefore it can be adopted in other projects to assist the decision makers. _ 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionThere are about 40 billionm2 of buildings in China and this figure will reach 70 billion in 2020 [1]. The construction industry has a significant impact on the environment. The energy consumptionrelating to buildings, such as building construction and operation, in China accounts for almost 50% of the total energy eachyear [1]. There are about 650 million tonnes ofwastes produced by the construction industry in China every year [2]. Design for sustainable buildings is an urgent task for the construction industry in building design reduces the influences of manmadebuildings to the environment during the buildings’ whole lives. It is vital for the investors to take into consideration the environmental influences of a building through its whole life, that is, from the initial construction process to the future operation stage of the building. There are various sustainability assessment toolkits beingimplemented in different countries. The BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) system is an integrated sustainability assessment tool used in the UK. This tool covers waste, water and energy, as well as transport, pollution, munity engagement, the health and wellbeing of building occupants, the choice of material, enhancing biodiversity and building management. The BREEAM series can assess several types of buildings’ design, including BREEAM Courts, Healthcare, Industrial, International, Multiresidential, Prison, Offices, Retail, Education, Communities and Bespoke. The other sustainability assessment tool for buildings is The Code for Sustainable Homes [3] to be used in residential building designs in the UK covers the following areas:1. Energy efficiency/CO2.2. Water efficiency.