【正文】 自我國加入WTO以來，我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易額有所增加，但是，外國各種對(duì)我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)貿(mào)易的貿(mào)易壁壘和對(duì)我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的各種碳關(guān)稅的征收使得我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口大大下滑。所以怎樣發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)，發(fā)展什么樣的低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)才能使得低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)有利于我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易的各個(gè)方面的發(fā)展呢？這是一個(gè)非常值得我們研究的問題，下面就我國低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易狀況提出的一些建議措施。通過突破低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的實(shí)施，可以促進(jìn)我國合理配置和有效利用農(nóng)業(yè)資源，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。也就浪費(fèi)了大量的人力、物力和財(cái)力。特別是全球倡導(dǎo)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)以來，我國在農(nóng)業(yè)方面的低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展取得的成果尤為突出。這個(gè)明顯的差距說明了我國發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)以后農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)成本大大降低了。近幾年，我國的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易一直呈上升的趨勢(shì)，原因是：從外部環(huán)境講，我國加入WTO，并且履行了WTO農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議規(guī)則的要求，履行當(dāng)初入世的承諾，從而開放了我國的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的國際市場(chǎng)?！? 入世前，由于我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)、加工、貿(mào)易等方面的技術(shù)還不夠成熟，加上世界貿(mào)易組織成員國和我國之間的爭(zhēng)奪世界市場(chǎng)的斗爭(zhēng)比較激烈，所以世界貿(mào)易組織設(shè)置了很多的貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易進(jìn)行阻礙，其中關(guān)稅、數(shù)量限制等是影響農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的主要障礙。我國對(duì)煤和石油等能源的加工轉(zhuǎn)換效率也大大提高了，例如2006年的時(shí)候，%；%，當(dāng)然這不算很高；但是到了2008年，%，相比2007年增加了百分之一點(diǎn)五，這個(gè)增長(zhǎng)旅是比較高的；當(dāng)然2009年發(fā)電能源利用效率還是增長(zhǎng)的，%。本文從我國的低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展和現(xiàn)狀入手，把兩者結(jié)合起來，根據(jù)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)前后我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易的變化來分析低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易的影響，最后就這些方面的影響得出在不同方面發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的對(duì)策。其中有美國環(huán)保主義理論家Bill Mckiben介紹了溫室效應(yīng)引起的全球變暖而產(chǎn)生的諸多后果，并進(jìn)一步指出：“環(huán)境問題在本質(zhì)上并不是一個(gè)物理的或者化學(xué)的問題，而是人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問題。s agricultural products and processed in the country exports in the total export taking a share. But with global warming and a series of environmental problems cause everyone39。s agricultural products and processed in the country exports in the total export taking a share. But with global warming and a series of environmental problems cause everyone39。 本科畢業(yè)論文作者簽名： 二○一二年四月二十二日 一、湖南師范大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告書論 文 題 目我國低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易的影響作 者 姓 名胡雙虹所屬院、專業(yè)、年級(jí) 商學(xué)院 國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易 專業(yè) 2008級(jí)指導(dǎo)教師姓名、職稱胡靜 講師預(yù)計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)10000字開題日期選題的根據(jù)：1）說明本選題的理論、實(shí)際意義 2）綜述國內(nèi)外有關(guān)本選題的研究動(dòng)態(tài)和自己的見解針對(duì)我國現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)狀,深入分析低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易的影響,闡述低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外貿(mào)易的關(guān)系，探討低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的機(jī)理,探索發(fā)展低碳農(nóng)業(yè)、保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全實(shí)現(xiàn)的途徑。主要參考資料：[1]Weber C, Matthews HS. Foodmiles and the relativ eclimat eimpacts of food choices in the United States[J]. Environmental Sciences amp。若譯文成績(jī)?yōu)榱?，則不計(jì)總成績(jī)，評(píng)定等級(jí)記為不及格。 入世以后，我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口額有較快上漲，現(xiàn)在我國已經(jīng)成為世界第五大農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口國。但是面對(duì)中國的客觀國情，許多學(xué)者指出，必須有清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)，走一條適合中國國情的低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展道路。中國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的第十個(gè)五年規(guī)劃提出了堅(jiān)持資源開發(fā)和節(jié)約并舉，把節(jié)約放在首位，提高資源利用效率、實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，還指出要積極發(fā)展風(fēng)能、太陽能、地?zé)岬刃履茉春涂稍偕茉?，推廣能源節(jié)約和綜合利用技術(shù)。提高能源利用率，使用太陽能風(fēng)能等清潔能源，則是未來最主要的能源之路。這是我國自入世以來首次在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)逆差，而這一逆轉(zhuǎn)的出現(xiàn)僅僅是在我國入世后的第三年。第三，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品面臨的貿(mào)易壁壘越來越高，出口難度加大。發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)變傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式，逐步導(dǎo)向綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展軌道。我們也知道，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的提高也是一個(gè)很艱巨的任務(wù)，因?yàn)槲覀儑颐磕甑纳a(chǎn)總量和每天的消費(fèi)都很大，根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)算，大約每天要消耗22萬噸肉、7萬噸禽蛋、15萬噸水產(chǎn)品、100萬噸蔬菜。此灌溉方法在被大面積投入使用以后前景可觀，大有發(fā)展?jié)摿颓巴?，并和原來的漫灌和噴灌相比較，既節(jié)省人力物力又加快了灌溉速度。在我國發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)以前這種掌握在發(fā)達(dá)國家手中的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易規(guī)則，使我國處于明顯的被動(dòng)適應(yīng)地位，極不利于我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口，而且貿(mào)易環(huán)境隨著綠色壁壘的不斷強(qiáng)化而不斷惡化。發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)以后，應(yīng)加大政策和投資支持，在提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的基礎(chǔ)上，實(shí)施多元化戰(zhàn)略，努力創(chuàng)建一個(gè)富有彈性的多元化出口市場(chǎng)體系，擴(kuò)大農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口。附錄Building a LowCarbonEconomyChristopher FlavinOver the past halfmillion years, the world’s climate has seen four ice age, with extensive glaciers engulfing large swaths of North America,Europe, and Asia and then retreating, thousandsof species displaced, and the shape of coastlines rearranged as sea levels rose and throughout these hundreds of thousands of years, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which plays a key role in regulating the climate, has never risen above 300 parts per million. In 2007, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 passed 382 parts per million—and it is already at the equivalent of 430 parts per million if the effect of other greenhouse gases is included. (See Figure 6–1.) Humanity is at risk of creating a climate un like any seen before—unfolding at an unnatural, accelerated pace — more dramatic than any changes in the climate since Earth was last struck by a large asteroid nearly a million years ago. Unless greenhouse gas em issions begin to decline within the next decade, we risk triggering a runa way disruption of the world’s climate climate,one that could last centuries and thatour descendants would be powerless to stop.The world is entering uncharted fuels made the modern economy and all of its material acplishments building a lowcarbon economy is now the central challenge of our age. Meeting that challenge will require restructuring the global energy industry throughtechnological, economic, and policy innovations that are as unprecedented as the climate change it must address.Only recently have scientists understood that changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide,methane, and other less mon gases could trigger an ecological catastrophe of staggering proportions. The climate, it turns out, is not the vast, implacable system it appears to be. Past climate changes have been caused by tiny alterations in Earth’s orbit and orientation to the sun—providing, for example, just enough added energy to warm the planet over thousands of years, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and in turn triggering even larger changes in the temperature, which scientists call a positive feedback. Today’s massive release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases is leading to far greater changes to the atmosphere in a period of decades.Scientists now project that within the decades immediately ahead, the capacity of the earth and ocean to absorb carbon emissions will decline, while vast changes in the Arctic may further accelerate warming. Melting tundra will release millions of tons of methane, a greenhouse gas more powerful than as the Arctic ice pack disappears in summer—nearly half is already gone—it will be like removing a large air conditioner from Earth’s northern hemisphere. This will further warm the climate and could mean the end of the millionyearold Greenland ice sheet—which by itself contains enough water to raise worldwide sea levels by more than seven meters.When the world will reach such a tipping point—or whether it already has—is not known. But it is already clear that ecological change of this magnitude would lead to unprecedented disruptions to the world’s economies. A groundbreaking 2006 study led by former World Bank chief economist Nicholas Stern concluded that climate change could cut global economic output by between 5 and 20 percent. In his 2007 book, The Age of Turbulence, Alan Greenspan, the leading freem