freepeople性欧美熟妇, 色戒完整版无删减158分钟hd, 无码精品国产vα在线观看DVD, 丰满少妇伦精品无码专区在线观看,艾栗栗与纹身男宾馆3p50分钟,国产AV片在线观看,黑人与美女高潮,18岁女RAPPERDISSSUBS,国产手机在机看影片

正文內(nèi)容

high-context-culture-and-low高低語境(專業(yè)版)

2025-08-09 08:36上一頁面

下一頁面
  

【正文】 這項研究使用的是由中國學(xué)者設(shè)計的調(diào)查問卷,可以說是注重德行而不是真理。中國是一個女性度的社會,注重和諧和道德倫理,崇尚積極入世的精神。與此相反,美國是不確定性避免程度低的社會,同樣的人本主義政策在美國企業(yè)中則不一定行得通,比如在日本推行良好的“全面質(zhì)量管理”,在美國卻幾乎沒有成效。因此研究社會成員的價值觀,就可以判定一個社會對權(quán)力差距的接受程度。 Comment on strengths as well as weaknesses. Instead of writing awkward, needs improving, or expand, ment on what the student has already done well and provide specific examples on how to improve their work. Being on time is valued and tardiness is considered disrespectful. Tips for munication between Highcontext and Lowcontext Cultures 216。Highcontext cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an important first step to any business transaction. According to Hall, these cultures are collectivist, preferring group harmony and consensus to individual achievement. And people in these cultures are less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings. Words are not so important as context, which might include the speaker’s tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, posture—and even the person’s family history and status. A Japanese manager explained his culture’s munication style to an American: “We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do here. When we say one word, we understand ten, but here you have to say ten to understand one.” Highcontext munication tends to be more indirect and more formal. Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical.即使他們不同意別人的觀點,一般也不會反駁,而總是退后多步,用迂回婉轉(zhuǎn)的言辭道出自己的意思,讓聽話人往深一層去揣摩。正如我們在前面所提到的,來自低語境文化的人傾向于使用傳意成分高的詞語,在遣詞用字方面講求精確、直接、不拐彎抹角,每一個詞都能起到其實際的“傳意”效果,因此他們的用語量并不大。說話人所言之語的字面意思與其背后的含義大致相等,故聽話人無需結(jié)合太多的文化語境因素來揣摩、猜測說話人所要表達的意思。在今天跨文化交流的大環(huán)境下,這種溝通不暢的問題,相信對許多讀者來說,并不陌生,它實際上是凸顯了這樣一個事實:在很多的情況下,言語交際的不暢,已不再僅僅是語言本身的問題,而是與語言背后的文化背景和文化因素息息相關(guān)。一切盡在共同的經(jīng)歷,一切盡在茶室,插花,書法,瓷器之中。3. Interpretation(釋義):Interpretation refers to attaching meaning to sense data.(賦予信息意義) 4. High context culture(高語境文化):Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.(在高語境文化中,在人們交際時,有較多的信息量或者蘊涵在社會文化環(huán)境和情景中,或者內(nèi)化于交際者的心中;相對地講,明顯的語碼則負載較少的信息量。日本茶道是道教傳統(tǒng)的反映,崇尚精神高于物質(zhì),崇尚繁忙生活中的安寧。豈料回到新加坡后不久,就聽到了親友的隔海埋怨,責(zé)之不曉世事。在本文開頭所舉的例子中,我們可以看到,筆者新加坡朋友在中國的親友們原是希望通過含蓄的“推卻”方式,達到“欲推還迎”的表達效果,他們的思維方式和語言交際模式就是受著高語境中特定的“謙讓”文化所制約,而這種交際方式在大陸的中國人之間,是很少會引起誤解的。(二)長話短聽其次是言語交際中的用語量大小。在他們看來,“直接”是對事不對人,因此不存在尊重與否的問題。 必須指出的是,隨著當(dāng)今世界上不同民族之間的理解和交往不斷加深和擴大,人們正漸漸放下“惟吾文化獨尊”的架子,愈來愈多地根據(jù)實際交際需要,調(diào)整自已面對不同語境文化時的溝通技巧,以求取得平衡,避免不必要的誤解。 Questioning and challenging authority are both acceptable and encouraged. Questioning the teacher and authority figures suggests one has personal power and can help bring about change. Independence, selfdetermination, and personal power are highly valued. 178。s fine.   一、權(quán)力距離(power distance)而在不確定性避免程度高的社會當(dāng)中,人們則普遍有一種高度的緊迫感和進取心,因而易形成一種努力工作的內(nèi)心沖動。對于男性社會而言,居于統(tǒng)治地位的是男性氣概,如自信武斷,進取好勝,對于金錢的索取,執(zhí)著而坦然;而女性社會則完全與之相反。   通過對上述文化四維度調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)的分析,霍夫斯坦特證實了不同民族的文化之間確實存在著很大的差異性,而且這種差異性是根植在人們的頭腦中的,很難輕易被改變。而在不確定性避免程度高的社會,上級傾向于對下屬進行嚴格的控制和清晰的指示。所以在美國,員工與管理者之間更平等,關(guān)系也更融洽,員工也更善于學(xué)習(xí)、進步和超越自我,實現(xiàn)個人價值。 Listen to what is not being said. Pay attention to the nonverbal behaviors in the classroom. What are the students municating through their silence? Don39。 How close do people stand to each other?What is considered appropriate dress? (Caution: pay attention to who you pick as role models. Remember: every culture has its share of weirdos and nerds! But how do most people behave, speak and dress? emphasize the need to dress nicely. Improper dress can insult the hosts or the occasion. Dress should also reflect your social standing. If you’re in a hot climate and people aren’t wearing shorts, they’re high context. If teens and college students wear slacks instead of jeans, you’re in a high context culture. Are the women wearing high heels instead of fortable sandals – even in the park? Then they’re high context!178。事實上,直來直去的美國人,據(jù)說最怕的就是在商業(yè)談判中與日本人交手,因為后者那種模棱兩可的表達方式常讓他們摸不著頭腦。正如前文所提及的,中國、日本文化都是一種“謙讓”文化,人們不僅使用隱晦含糊的詞語,而且在表達方式上也是迂迥曖昧的;沒有幾個回合,實無法捕捉其話語的本義所在。不同語境文化的言語表達特點下面,讓我們再來看看不同語境文化的三個語言表達特點:(一)言外之意我們首先注意到是言語中“傳情達意”成分的多寡?;魻?(Edward T. Hall) 于1981年提出“語境文化”概念。:在中國文化中face有兩種解釋方法:臉和面子。這也意味著,在低語境文化中的人們習(xí)慣用語言本身的力量來進行交際。龍在中國文化是吉祥的象征,而在西方文化中卻是邪惡的象征。臨行前她母親千叮萬囑,要她把一筆錢交給這位去世長輩的親友,以表悼念心意。什么是“高語境文化”和“低語境文化”?從右表中,我們可以看到,日本、中國和中 高語境東諸國的文化均屬高語境文化,而歐美文化則屬 日本人低語境文化。 德國 – 瑞士人我也非常感謝你的盛情款待。這樣一來,溝通暢順自不在話下。然而,在今天的跨文化交流中,語境文化所扮演的角色實在不容小覷。 are usually shame cultures so behaviors are seen as reflecting on your family, your city/village and your country. 178。 Avoid expressing approval or disapproval. Bee more alert to the ways in which cultural conditioning shapes your value judgments and influences your behavior. Be aware of your perceptions of your students. 防止的方法很多,例如提供更大的職業(yè)穩(wěn)定性,訂立更多的正規(guī)條令,不允許出現(xiàn)越軌的思想和行為,追求絕對真實的東西,努力獲得專門的知識等等。   當(dāng)然,文化差異的指標(biāo)不會只有四個。 Iris Verner 清華大學(xué)出版社 2003 Page225. 跨文化交際英語教程 許力生 上海外語教育出版社 2004 Page 278—2886. American Cultural Patterns Edward C. Stewart amp。就如中日兩國文化都是一種集體主義導(dǎo)向,但兩種集體主義卻有較大的不同。   “個人主義”是指一種結(jié)合松散的社會組織結(jié)構(gòu),其中每個人重視自身的價值與需要,依靠個人的努力來為自己謀取利益。因而要在中國的企業(yè)當(dāng)中采納“構(gòu)建員工與管理者之間和諧的關(guān)系”以及“為員工在工作當(dāng)中提供學(xué)習(xí)的機會,使他們不斷進步”這兩項人本主義政策,管理者有必要在實踐當(dāng)中有意識地減小企業(yè)內(nèi)部權(quán)力之間的距離,才會更好地實現(xiàn)管理目標(biāo)。 Admit your own insecurities and ignorance regarding foreign (unfamiliar) cultures. Accept the fact that we all make mistakes. Take time to learn more about your students and the various cultural groups they represent. t react. Many times
點擊復(fù)制文檔內(nèi)容
畢業(yè)設(shè)計相關(guān)推薦
文庫吧 www.dybbs8.com
備案圖鄂ICP備17016276號-1