【正文】 spatial distance。 and height difference.（測繪方法測量【即，geodetic型的變形監(jiān)測測量工作】包括水平角或方向的觀測【observable觀測n.，詞性變換】；空間距離；高差【height difference】的觀測【observable觀測n.，詞性變換】）Geotechnical measurements consist of similar geometric quantities, but over a much smaller extent than for geodetic measurements (distances to a few meters rather than hundreds of meters), as well as measurements of the physical or mechanical state of the object being monitored.（土木技術(shù)方法的測量工作由類似的幾何量組成，但是比測繪法測量（距離上從幾米），The survey methods can be further subdivided into the survey network method and direct measurement method. （測量方法可以進(jìn)一步細(xì)分為【subdivide細(xì)分】測量網(wǎng)和直接測量法。）Such movements are very small and to accurately measure them requires meticulous fieldwork as well as rigorous analysis of observed data.（這種變形非常小，準(zhǔn)確測量他們需要細(xì)心的【meticulous小心的】外業(yè)，還有觀測數(shù)據(jù)的嚴(yán)格【rigorous嚴(yán)格的】分析）Deformation monitoring techniques can be generally divided into geotechnical, structural and geodetic (survey) methods.（變形監(jiān)測技術(shù)可以一般【generally】分為：土木技術(shù)的、結(jié)構(gòu)的和測繪的方法）The geodetic methods (highly understood by engineering surveyors) that can be used are Global Positioning System (GPS), closerange photogrammetry with the use of terrestrial camera, precise theodolite and levels, total station, laser scanners, and vibration monitoring systems, a very long baseline interferometry and satellite laser ranging.（測繪法（非常為工程測量人員所理解）可以使用的是GPS，使用地面攝影機(jī)【terrestrial camera地面攝影機(jī)】的近景攝影測量，精密經(jīng)緯儀和水準(zhǔn)儀，全站儀，激光掃描儀，和振動(dòng)【vibration振動(dòng)】監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，甚長基線干涉測量【very long baseline interferometry】和衛(wèi)星激光測距）A number of traditional surveying techniques have also been modified and applied to yield the highest possible accuracies.（許多傳統(tǒng)測量技術(shù)也經(jīng)過改良【modify改良】并用于產(chǎn)生【yield產(chǎn)生】盡可能最高的精度）Geodetic measurements involve the observables of horizontal angles, or direction。）In geodetic method there are two types of geodetic networks, namely the reference (absolute) and relative network.（測地學(xué)方法中有兩種類型的測量網(wǎng)，被稱為參考（絕對）網(wǎng)和相對網(wǎng)）