【正文】 中國出口商普遍面臨國外的一系列關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘。進(jìn)一步增加來自國外的自然資源的供應(yīng)的這雙重目的，以及為了減少政治和商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的遭受已經(jīng)成為中國企業(yè)目前在一些資源豐富的國家投資自然資源導(dǎo)向型的項(xiàng)目，尤其是非洲和中亞。同時(shí)也反映了，至少是部分，中國當(dāng)局把戰(zhàn)略的重要性放在具體的項(xiàng)目上。來自一個(gè)政府的透視，正式的投資審批過程一般要求中國的跨國公司采用國際合資企業(yè)進(jìn)入模式。在中國對外投資發(fā)展早期這也很顯然：項(xiàng)目級安全數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代早期，大概 70%中國企業(yè)的海外項(xiàng)目采取的是國際合資企業(yè)的形式。我們注意到，這點(diǎn)有些與泰勒的發(fā)現(xiàn)形成 對比，他報(bào)告了中國企業(yè)在目前的國際化過程中更廣泛使用國際合資企業(yè)，尤其是制造業(yè)。鄧寧總結(jié)出促進(jìn)外商獨(dú)資生產(chǎn)的四個(gè)基本動(dòng)機(jī)：尋 求自然資源、尋求市場、尋求效率以及尋求戰(zhàn)略資產(chǎn)。由于勞動(dòng)力地點(diǎn)限制的特性，中國的大多數(shù)國外的或是本國的企業(yè)的國際競爭力使本國的產(chǎn) 品和國外市場的服務(wù)通過出口成為必須。保護(hù)主義壓力也要求中國在第三方貿(mào)易國占很大比重 。關(guān)于和東道國的雙邊投資和貿(mào)易協(xié)定的談判以及密切的政府之間的關(guān)系可見中國現(xiàn)在正從發(fā)展中世界的某些地區(qū)復(fù)活。不管全部所有權(quán)的成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，投資審批機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)都將會發(fā)現(xiàn)這種優(yōu)勢的吸引力。中國企業(yè)投資國 外時(shí)，等效的優(yōu)勢被追求。 the negotiation of bilateral investment treaties and trade agreements with host countries and the close intergovernmental relationships that China is now reviving across certain parts of the developing world. Exemplar panies include China Natural Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), the joint owner of a Sudanese oil production plant (together with Canadian, Malaysian and local interests), Sinopec, Shanghai Baosteel (the owner of six joint ventures in Australia, Brazil and South Africa in ironore mining and steel trading), Sinochem and China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC). There is some evidence to suggest that of?cial development aid provided by China to developing countries (for example, concerning telemunications and transportation infrastructure development, projectspeci?c intergovernmental loans, education packages and so forth) is predicated upon market access or exploitation and extraction rights being granted to Chinese MNEs (Pan 2020, Evans/Downs 2020). It has been argued that MNEs from emerging countries are most likely to invest in the industrialised countries when looking to access technology and learning (Monkiewicz 1986, Ye 1992, Deng 2020). However, this may not be the case for China. Whilst knowledgeacquisition has bee increasingly important to Chinese MNEs in 5 recent years, much of Chinese ODI by value was invested in the industrialised countries primarily for naturalresource seeking reasons, especially in the early 1990s. Good examples include the investments by CITIC and Huaguang Forest Co. Ltd in timber plantations in New Zealand, CITIC?s investment in forestry in the USA, CITIC and China National Nonferrous Metal Industrial Corporation?s 10 percent (US$120mn) investment in Portland Aluminium?s smelter operations in Australia. Canada is also now host to a number of timber and ?sheries related Chinese investments (., CITIC?s investment in the Celgar pulp mill and sawmill project) (Zhang 2020). MarketSeeking FDI Chinese MNEs now conduct both defensive and offensive marketseeking FDI. It is axiomatic to state that China enjoys a parative advantage in lowcost labour and labourintensive production. Given the locationbound nature of labour, the international petitiveness of the majority of (both foreign and locallyowned) ?rms in China necessitates domestic production and foreign market servicing by exports. Chinese enterprises have long established overseas operations to facilitate trade. Certainly, in the early 1990s, the bulk of Chinese ODI in services was export