【正文】 ble Relationships Between “Vital Few” (Xs) and Y How do we Find the Relationship Between the “Vital Few” (Xs) and Taste (Y)? ? Conduct a More Detailed Experiment ? Focus: Oven Temperature from 325 to 375 and 3 Brands of Flour ? RUN TEMP BRAND 1 325 A 2 325 B 3 325 C 4 350 A 5 350 B 6 350 C 7 375 A 8 375 B 9 375 C FLOUR FLOUR FLOUR Brand A Brand B Brand C Improve Results: 350 Brand A is Best Combination of Temperature Flour 176。免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview ? Six Sigma: A Definition Applied to GE GE Quality Initiative Why This Approach? Origin of Six Sigma The “Breakthrough Strategy” Arriving at Sigma ? Six Sigma Structure ? Key Concepts Tools ? A Practical Example An Overview....Not a lot of Details!! 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview “ Six Sigma” ? If we can’t express what we know in the form of numbers, we really don’t know much about it. ? If we don’t know much about it, we can’t control it. ? If we can’t control it, we are at the mercy of chance. Mikel J. Harry President CEO Six Sigma Academy, Inc. A Rigorous Method for Measuring Controlling Our Quality “ ...will bring GE to a whole new level of quality in a fraction of the time it would have taken to climb the learning curve on our own.” John F. Welch, Jr. 1995 GE Annual Report 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview What Does “Sigma” Mean? Sigma is a Measure of the Consistency of a Process It (???is Also the 18th Letter in the Greek Alphabet! 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： Why Does GE Need A Quality Initiative? GE Raising The Bar – New Goal to be “Best in the World” vs. 1 or 2 – Customers are Expecting More, we Must Deliver – “Shipandfix” Approach no Longer Tolerated in the Market – Aim to Speed Past Traditional Competitors in 5 Years – Goal Consistent with Reduced Total Costs We Must Acknowledge Our Vulnerabilities ? Poor Quality That Impacts Customers ? Problems with NPI ? Too High Internal Costs 6? Overview We Need a Major Initiative to Move From Where we Are to Where we Want to be 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview Why Does GE Need A Quality Initiative? 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 10% 15% 5% Cost of Failure (% of Sales) Defects per Million 233 6210 66,807 308,537 500,000 Sigma 6 5 4 3 2 1 Estimated Cost of Failure in US Industry is 15% of Sales。 176。 :55:2217:55Mar2328Mar23 ? 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 , March 28, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 :55:2217:55Mar2328Mar23 ? 1世間成事，不求其絕對圓滿，留一份不足，可得無限完美。 :55:2217:55:22March 28, 2023 ? 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國見青山。 Note: Time is a Factor Only if Temperature Changes Significantly 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview Step 9.....Establish Tolerances on “Vital Few” (Xs) How do we Ensure Oven Temperature is Controlled? ? Data Suggests 350 ( 5 ) is best Temperature to Reduce Taste Variation ? Brand A Flour to be Used Except in Case of Emergency ? “BETTER BREAD” to Search for Better Alternative Supplier of Flour Just in Case 176。 T Target A 3? Process ] The Potential Performance of a Process, if it Were on Target 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview Long Term Capability (Cpk) Cp Cpk = Long Term Capability Ratio Example Cp = 1 (previous chart) Target = ??181。 T Target A 3? Process 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview Z Scale of Measure Z = A Unit of Measure Equivalent to the Number of Standard Deviations that a Value is Away from the Target Value Z Values USL LSL ?? ?? ??= Process Mean 181。 FLOUR Brand A But.....Is Our Measurement System Correct? Improve 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview Step 10.....Validate the Measurement System for Xs How Could We Approach This? ? Need to Verify the Accuracy of Our Temperature Gauges ? Need for “Benchmark” Instrumentation for Comparison ? Rent Some Other “High End” Gauges ? Compare the Results Verify that our Instruments are Accurate Control 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview Step 11.....Determine Ability to Control Vital Few Xs How Could We Approach This? ? Check A Number of Ovens ? Monitor Temperatures Over Time ? Focus on the Process Capability ? Look for Degree of Variation Variation OK But...Average is High (and the algorithm should be checked) 30 345 of Ovens Temperature 346 357 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 25 20 15 10 5 Control 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： 6? Overview Step 12.....Implement Process Control System on Xs What do we do Going Forward? ? Check Ovens Daily for Temperature Levels ? Audit Usage Frequency of Alternative Flour Supplier (., Brand C) ? Periodically Reassemble the Panel to Test Taste ? Chart the Results And.....Plot the Data Over Time FLOUR “ Brand C” 354 353 352 351 350 349 348 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Control 免費注冊商，每天三小時推廣，每月收入高達 3000以上：注冊網(wǎng)站： ? 靜夜四無鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。 2023年 3月 下午 5時 55分 :55March 28, 2023 ? 1行動出成果，工作出財富。 2023