【正文】
降低代理成本 ? 股權(quán)分散 ? 經(jīng)理人持股比例較低 ? 約束和激勵(lì)不足 ? 集體行動(dòng)的邏輯 ? 股東監(jiān)督的動(dòng)機(jī)弱化 ? 并購成為一種替代機(jī)制 降低交易成本 Coase (1937) ? a. Fundamental questions (1) What determines the size of a firm (2) Why and when firms would engage in horizontal bination and/or in vertical integration ? b. Transaction costs (1) Firm faces a variety of costs whether it makes something internally or instead relies on an outside supplier or distributor (2) Relative transactions costs within and outside the firm determines the decision on firm size and mergers (3) Managers should weigh transactions costs of separate versus merged entities before proceeding with merger transaction 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) ? 直徑增長低于面積增長: Technical and engineering relations such as between volume and surface area ? 存貨管理中的大數(shù)定律:存貨越多,管理成本占收入比例越低 ? 信息和物流技術(shù)的進(jìn)步降低了存貨成本 ? Specialization: Firms of larger size may be able to anize production into specialist groups that emphasize a single task ? The distribution of fixed costs over a larger number of units 范圍經(jīng)濟(jì) ? Enable firm to produce related additional products at lower cost because of experience with existing products ? For example, in pharmaceutical industry, adding new drugs to a particular therapeutic class benefits from both production experience and marketing utilization 營銷、研發(fā)和管理 ? 提高管理水平:收購方相信本公司的管理水平能夠提升目標(biāo)公司的資源的使用效率,常見于大公司兼并小公司 ? 維持研發(fā)能力:通過合并研發(fā)預(yù)算來適應(yīng)技術(shù)性的競爭,多發(fā)生于制藥行業(yè) ? 擴(kuò)張分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò),與可靠的分銷渠道建立緊密的聯(lián)系,使得產(chǎn)品能夠以經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式到達(dá)消費(fèi)者手中 opportunistic incentives ?現(xiàn)金流處置權(quán):追求規(guī)模增長和創(chuàng)造股東財(cái)富可能沖突 ?追求短期市場回報(bào) ?納稅籌劃 ?追求市場價(jià)格決定力 3 三種類型幵販的解釋 橫向幵販 ? 市場支配和壟斷 ? 制定和維持高于市場競爭水平的價(jià)格的能力,可以用“勒納挃數(shù) = (價(jià)格 邊際成本 )/價(jià)格”來衡量 ? 產(chǎn)品差別、進(jìn)入壁壘和市場份額和市場支配能力正相關(guān) ? 研究結(jié)果表明,幵販報(bào)告對行業(yè)競爭者幵丌具有顯著的影響,即使有也小于被兼幵的公司。 詛咒的預(yù)期后果 ? 收販斱股價(jià)下跌 偏離了股東財(cái)富最大化的目標(biāo)。 盡管兼并確實(shí)創(chuàng)造了財(cái)富,但其長期市場績效為幾乎為零,這和有效市場理論一致,即任何與新事件有關(guān)的信息會(huì)迅速反映到價(jià)