【正文】 influenced by macroeconomic and agricultural policy. ? Agricultural policies affect soil degradation by influencing the level of output, input and factor prices (Heerink, 2023).社會經(jīng)濟 因素 影響環(huán)境變化的機制? 政策和制度 —— 外部社會經(jīng)濟環(huán)境 —— 農(nóng)戶經(jīng)濟行為 —— 資源環(huán)境變化? 反饋：資源環(huán)境變化 —— 農(nóng)戶經(jīng)濟行為（資源環(huán)境退化對經(jīng)濟福利的影響，現(xiàn)在價值與將來價值的關(guān)系） ? 外部社會經(jīng)濟環(huán)境變化：價格變動，技術(shù)進步，資金和信用約束? 政策和制度：經(jīng)濟政策和環(huán)境政策，資源分配和資源利用秩序Conceptual frameworkPolicy reform Socioeconomic environment Household decision Land degradationMacro and Regional ModelsHousehold and Village ModelsBioeconomic ModelsBioeconomic household ModelBioeconomic village Model approach? Econometric estimation approach:– Lack of consistent data, especially long time series data about effect of soil degradation。Livestock input (4)– Rotation (2)– Soil erosion (1)Land use in Gezhenyan Village, Zhunger, Inner MongoliaThe policy measure of converting slope field into forest and pasture started Since 2023, with subsidy of 100kg grain and 20Yuan foodfor work per Cropping system and land use　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　Total Flat field Terrace field Slope fieldSown area YieldSown area YieldSown area YieldSown area Yield　 ha kg/ha ha kg/ha ha kg/ha ha kg/haCorn 6,660 9,250 5,100 3,750Millet 1,819 1,850 1,808Rapeseed 580 660 500Sunflower 885 1,000 836Potato 7,500 7,125 7,725Beans 1,400 1,500 1,300Total 　 　 　 　Agriculture and farm economy　 　 　 　 　farm type unit Total Farm householdParttime householdhousehold person 21 12 9population person 81 49 32labor person 56 34 22offfarm labor person 14 4 10seasonal offfarm labor person 9 3 6constant offfarm labor person 5 1 4population per household person per household cultivated land ha per household family ine Yuan per household 8,904 9,645 7,998farm ine Yuan per household 5,945 9,018 2,188offfarm ine Yuan per household 2,960 627 5,810ratio of offfarm ine % 33% 7% 73%ratio of livestock ine within farm ine% 66% 69% 51%Prices of agricultural productsmodity farm gate pricesfarm purchase prices modityfarm purchase pricesCorn Wheat Millet Rice Potato Beef Sunflower Fish Rapeseed Vegetable Mutton Compound fertilizer Pork Carbamide Wool 200 Carbon ammonia Goat 240 Corn seed Sheep 140 Hog 800 　 　 　Soil erosion: EPIC result　 Soil erosion values derived from EPIC ModelField typeFlat fieldTerraceSlope fieldSlope 0% 5% 10%Maize Millet Sunflower Rapeseed Potato Beans Note: 1)unit is ton results are means of ten years. 2)simulation results are means of ten years.Agriculture and land use system? Croplivestock system: corngoatsheephog.? Corn mainly in flat field for feed and mercial use。 四月 21四月 2119:18:1319:18:13April 02, 20231他 鄉(xiāng) 生白 發(fā) ，舊國 見 青山。 19:18:1319:18:1319:18Friday, April 02, 20231不知香 積 寺，數(shù)里入云峰。 四月 2119:18:1319:18Apr2102Apr211越是無能的人，越喜 歡 挑剔 別 人的 錯 兒