【正文】 言Power Script的簡(jiǎn)單易學(xué)極大的為我們的全程工作節(jié)約了時(shí)間資源。 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)本系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)部分是根據(jù)需求分析所總結(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)，然后合并冗余部分，劃歸重復(fù)表以滿足整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的范式要求。常用的作為檢測(cè)手段,對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,欺詐和產(chǎn)品零售、數(shù)據(jù)挖掘涉及到使用數(shù)據(jù)分析工具來發(fā)現(xiàn)以前不為人知的,有效的模式和關(guān)系,在大數(shù)據(jù)集的訪問權(quán)。行業(yè),如銀行、保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)藥、零售及通常使用數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù)可以降低成本,增強(qiáng)研究,并增加銷售量。第四個(gè)問題是隱私。數(shù)據(jù)挖掘應(yīng)用程序能使用的各種參數(shù),以檢查數(shù)據(jù)。[2] 為數(shù)據(jù)采集的一個(gè)針對(duì)技術(shù)的定義,請(qǐng)見[,sid11_gci211901,294236全世界]。一個(gè)與能力的提高數(shù)據(jù)從各種不同的消息源結(jié)合成一個(gè)單一的可查找的來源。這些包括關(guān)心質(zhì)量的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了實(shí)證分析,互操作的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和軟件機(jī)構(gòu)之間的、潛在的侵犯隱私的。CRS3數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的局限性盡管數(shù)據(jù)挖掘產(chǎn)品可能是非常強(qiáng)大的工具,但他們不可以自給自足的應(yīng)用。另一組數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的限制是，雖然它可以識(shí)別行為和變量之間的連接，它并不一定確定的因果關(guān)系。醫(yī)療團(tuán)體有時(shí)用數(shù)據(jù)挖掘來幫助預(yù)測(cè)程序的有效性和醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。[11]司法部已經(jīng)能夠使用數(shù)據(jù)挖掘來評(píng)估模式,調(diào)整資源犯罪以及相應(yīng)的解決方法。[10] 兩只烏鴉公司,介紹數(shù)據(jù)挖掘和知識(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)(第3版)》(波多馬克,MD:兩只烏鴉公司,1999),第5頁。為進(jìn)一步的詳細(xì)情況,則本規(guī)定,授權(quán)與RL31805看到CRS報(bào)告:國(guó)防撥款,FY2004和斯蒂芬語言翻譯技術(shù)將會(huì)使快速分析外語聽說讀寫流利,并允許分析師快速搜索翻譯材料的線索的威脅。 對(duì)于恐怖主義向國(guó)會(huì)報(bào)告程序,詳細(xì)信息信息意識(shí)、227 231頁(額外的強(qiáng)調(diào))?！盵20] DARPA進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào),這些工具可由多個(gè)部門采取和使用,DARPA本身不會(huì)從事任何actualuse數(shù)據(jù)挖掘應(yīng)用,盡管他可能“支持一個(gè)可擴(kuò)展的leavebehind生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)原型?，旣?繼續(xù)……)CRS7社會(huì)問題的真正動(dòng)機(jī)。用圖片來炸毀大樓在人們的印象中是很陌生的,航空運(yùn)輸是現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被廣泛認(rèn)為,不僅作為一個(gè)批判性的脆弱的恐怖分子的襲擊目標(biāo),而且也可以作為一種武器造成更大的傷害。為更多的細(xì)節(jié),看到關(guān)于這個(gè)修正案,總RL31786 CRS報(bào)告信息意識(shí)程序:資金、組成,而忽略的問題,由艾美Belasco[27] 作進(jìn)一步的詳細(xì)情況,則本規(guī)定,授權(quán)與RL31805看到CRS報(bào)告:國(guó)防撥款,FY2004和斯蒂芬[31] 如這部分仍未決定的規(guī)則,國(guó)內(nèi)航班將會(huì)被要求利用“聯(lián)邦航空局認(rèn)可的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助乘客篩選(CAPS)系統(tǒng)去選擇旅客托運(yùn)行李必須經(jīng)過額外的安全措施。旅客在“紅色”得分就不會(huì)被允許到板的飛行,以及所得到[18] 交通部,白宮委員會(huì)于航空和安全問題:點(diǎn)狀態(tài)報(bào)告,1998年1月[]。[34] 運(yùn)輸安全管理的工作,“交通安全管理局的重量相等CAPPS II給出隱私、安全、“新聞稿件,2003年3月11日,[]。有一個(gè)原因涉及獲得所需的數(shù)據(jù)來測(cè)試系統(tǒng)。[41]進(jìn)一步資料被供測(cè)試的目的CAPPS二世被帶來光在參議院委員會(huì)確認(rèn)聽證會(huì)上政務(wù),2004年6月23日,在他的答案,代理主任委員會(huì)只有強(qiáng)擊光環(huán),大衛(wèi)的石頭,聲稱在2002年和2003年四家航空公司,大陸航空公司,美國(guó),三角洲西部,邊境以及兩個(gè)旅行預(yù)訂的公司,伽利略國(guó)際和佩劍團(tuán)體控股有限公司,提供乘客記錄和/或其承包商。[41] 莎拉Kehaulani，“透露的粘性物質(zhì),美國(guó)航空公司乘客信息”,《華盛頓郵報(bào)》,2004年4月10日，第12頁。CAPPS二世是原本打算只是篩選高危的旅客可能威脅到安全的航空運(yùn)輸。522)資金的撥付,在“部署或?qū)嵤┮酝獾钠渌鼫y(cè)試的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)CAPPS II,安全飛行,或其他接班人計(jì)劃,“直到高印,證明這樣一個(gè)系統(tǒng)是否滿足[43] 一些信息,例如餐的偏好,可用于推斷出宗教信仰的人,和健康的考慮將不會(huì)被使可得到。CRS11八個(gè)有關(guān)個(gè)人隱私的要求所有列舉在2004年2月的審計(jì)署報(bào)告上,[47]可以容納任何獨(dú)特的空中運(yùn)輸?shù)男枰?因?yàn)樗婕暗街蓦H公路上交通,“適當(dāng)?shù)膲勖芷谫M(fèi)用估計(jì),支出和項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃存在。在場(chǎng)的情況下,多重記錄,數(shù)據(jù)不足的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、及時(shí)性,更新的,人類的錯(cuò)誤可顯著影響的效果,更復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù),它是敏感的細(xì)微差別可能存在的數(shù)據(jù)。CRS12啟動(dòng)第一次合作,努力與其他機(jī)構(gòu)或各級(jí)政府(例如,警察部門的經(jīng)驗(yàn),在不同的狀態(tài)下的互操作性問題)可能。持有者可能覺得有義務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)作出任何的可利用的信息,可以用于預(yù)防將來的攻擊或者追蹤人們所知的恐怖分子。例如,通過網(wǎng)站信息的準(zhǔn)確性購(gòu)物者的俱樂部收集卡片可能遭受由于各種各樣的原因,包括缺乏身份認(rèn)證當(dāng)一卡是發(fā)行,財(cái)務(wù)人員使用他們的自己的名片,為顧客沒有一件和客戶使用多個(gè)卡片。例如,一些專家建議反恐?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)挖掘應(yīng)用為對(duì)抗其他類型的犯罪也可能有用的。作為數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的努力向前,國(guó)會(huì)可能會(huì)考慮的種種問題,包括在何種程度上的政府機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該使用和混合商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)與政府的數(shù)據(jù),數(shù)據(jù)來源是否正被用于其他用途以外的原始設(shè)計(jì),以及隱私法案于這些計(jì)劃可能的應(yīng)用。克拉克,“隱私專家有不同的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在PassengerScreening規(guī)劃”,《政府行政執(zhí)行雜志》,2003年11月21日,[]。CAPPSII資金限制都包括在國(guó)土安全部門的FY2004第519條(),2003年10月1日這項(xiàng)撥款法案正式簽署成為法律。[54] 10890 ,必須解決之前只有強(qiáng)擊光環(huán)能花的資金或?qū)嵤〤APPSII部署以外的其它測(cè)試基礎(chǔ)上?！盵56]在2003年3月25日,眾議院委員會(huì)小組委員會(huì)在政府改革的技術(shù)、信息政策、政府間關(guān)系,并舉行了關(guān)于人口普查對(duì)當(dāng)前和未來的可能性的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的聽證會(huì)?！?003年7月31日介紹s . 1544參議員?費(fèi)恩格德行為的數(shù)據(jù)采掘報(bào)告2003年,被提交給委員會(huì)的司法體系。CRS16第7條規(guī)定,在它的s . 1552禁令會(huì)強(qiáng)加了一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘任何聯(lián)邦部門或機(jī)構(gòu)“除依照法律特別授權(quán)這樣的數(shù)據(jù)采掘計(jì)劃或活動(dòng)由這樣的部門或機(jī)構(gòu),“這也將要求每個(gè)部門的頭或機(jī)構(gòu),從事或者聯(lián)邦政府計(jì)劃從事任何其他相關(guān)活動(dòng)開發(fā)或使用數(shù)據(jù)采掘計(jì)劃或活動(dòng)的,應(yīng)當(dāng)提交給國(guó)會(huì),更可提供給公眾的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示,在這樣的活動(dòng)上。w存檔。 The Library of CongressData Mining: An OverviewSummaryData mining is emerging as one of the key features of many homeland security initiatives. Often used as a means for detecting fraud, assessing risk, and product retailing, data mining involves the use of data analysis tools to discover previously unknown, valid patterns and relationships in large data sets. In the context of homeland security, data mining is often viewed as a potential means to identify terrorist activities, such as money transfers and munications, and to identify and track individual terrorists themselves, such as through travel and immigration records.While data mining represents a significant advance in the type of analytical tools currently available, there are limitations to its capability. One limitation is that although data mining can help reveal patterns and relationships, it does not tell the user the value or significance of these patterns. These types of determinations must be made by the user. A second limitation is that while data mining can identify connections between behaviors and/or variables, it does not necessarily identify a causal relationship. To be successful, data mining still requires skilled technical and analytical specialists who can structure the analysis and interpret the output that is created.Data mining is being increasingly mon in both the private and public sectors. Industries such as banking, insurance, medicine, and retailing monly use data mining to reduce costs, enhance research, and increase sales. In the public sector, data mining applications initially were used as a means to detect fraud and waste, but have grown to also be used for purposes such as measuring and improving program performance. However, some of the homeland security data mining applications represent a significant expansion in the quantity and scope of data to be analyzed. Two efforts that have attracted a higher level of congressional interest include the Terrorism Information Awareness (TIA) project (nowdiscontinued) and the ComputerAssisted Passenger Prescreening System II (CAPPS II ) project (nowcanceled and replaced by Secure Flight).As with other aspects of data mining, while technological capabilities are important, there are other implementation and oversight issues that can influence the success of a project’s oute. One issue is data quality, which refers to the accuracy and pleteness of the data being analyzed. A second issue is the interoperability of the data mining software and databases being used by different agencies. A third issue is mission creep, or the use of data for purposes other than for which the data were originally collected. A fourth issue is privacy. Questions that may be considered include the degree to which government agencies should use and mix mercial data with government data, whether data sources are being used for purposes other than those for which they were originally designed, and possible application of the Privacy Act to these initiatives. It is anticipated that congressional oversight of data mining projects will grow as data mining efforts continue to evolve. This report will be updated as events warrant.Contents What is Data Mining? 33 Limitations of Data Mining 35Data