【正文】 on needed] Argentina, which had been considered by the IMF to be a model country in its pliance to policy proposals by the Bretton Woods institutions, experienced a catastrophic economic crisis in 2001 , which some believe to have been caused by IMFinduced budget restrictions — which undercut the government39。s Board of Governors must vote on these reforms by April 28, 2008. See Reform of IMF Quotas and Voice: Responding to Changes in the Global Economy at . Examples of press coverage of the discussions regarding changes to the voting formula to increase equity:IMF Seeks Role in Shifting Global Economy [編輯]Members39。 European Union institutions: o the European Central Bank for the Eurozone – SDDS o Eurostat for the whole EU – SDDS, thus providing data from Cyprus (not using any DDSystem on its own) and Malta (using only GDDS on its own) [編輯]Membership qualifications Any country may apply for membership to the IMF. The application will be considered first by the IMF39。但如果會(huì)員國(guó)的國(guó)際收支發(fā)生基本不均衡時(shí)，即可向基金提出調(diào)整平價(jià)的要求。 　?。?）對(duì)會(huì)員國(guó)有提供資料和建議的作用:我國(guó)在基金的歷史較早，1944年的布雷敦森林會(huì)議我國(guó)便是與會(huì)44國(guó)之一，并作為大國(guó)而攤額十分龐大，僅次于美國(guó)的275億美元及英國(guó)的130億美元，而為55億美元，與美、英、法、印度并列入攤額最大的國(guó)家。 　　總之，IMF貸款要真正收到良好的效果，貸款條件的提出要達(dá)到良好的預(yù)期，IMF還得根據(jù)不同的對(duì)象、不同的時(shí)期和不同的實(shí)際情況，作出不同的安排。但對(duì)具體的受援國(guó)來(lái)講，這些條件和措施是良藥還是劣藥，可能還得作具體分析。 　　(3)IMF貸款的條件及其評(píng)價(jià) 　　IMF貸款與其他商業(yè)性貸款有很多區(qū)別，其中一個(gè)重要區(qū)別在于它的條件上。 　　⑨制度轉(zhuǎn)型貸款(systemic transformation facility)。該政策規(guī)定，貸款額度最高為一年不超過(guò)份額的95％～115％，或3年不超過(guò)份額的280％一345％。設(shè)立于1976年1月，用于援助低收入的發(fā)展中國(guó)家。這里突發(fā)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素主要是指出口收入、進(jìn)口價(jià)格及國(guó)際金融市場(chǎng)利率等。這是1974年設(shè)立的，用于成員國(guó)因在生產(chǎn)、貿(mào)易等方面存在結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題而進(jìn)行較長(zhǎng)期調(diào)整的一項(xiàng)專用貸款。早期的基金組織的貸款一般推行“一個(gè)窗口”的辦法，到1963年推出補(bǔ)償貸款，1969年間再打開(kāi)第三個(gè)貸款窗口 緩沖庫(kù)存貸款，1974年再設(shè)立中期貸款，創(chuàng)辦石油貸款等第四個(gè)經(jīng)常性窗口。 　　磋商與協(xié)調(diào) 　　為了能夠履行監(jiān)督成員國(guó)匯率政策的責(zé)任，了解成員國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和政策措施，迅速處理成員國(guó)申請(qǐng)貸款的要求，IMF按基金協(xié)定規(guī)定，每年原則上應(yīng)與成員國(guó)進(jìn)行一次磋商，對(duì)成員國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融形勢(shì)和政策作出評(píng)價(jià)。 [編輯]國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的主要業(yè)務(wù)[3] 　　匯率監(jiān)督 　　為了保證有秩序的匯兌安排和匯率體系的穩(wěn)定，取消不利于國(guó)際貿(mào)易的外匯管制，防止成員國(guó)操縱匯率或采取歧視性的匯率政策以謀求競(jìng)爭(zhēng)利益，IMF對(duì)成員國(guó)的匯率政策進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。然后按成員國(guó)所認(rèn)繳份額的量，每10萬(wàn)特別提款權(quán)折合票，成員國(guó)認(rèn)繳的份額越多，所獲票數(shù)也就越多，表決權(quán)也就越大。股份公司，份額尤如股份，一旦認(rèn)繳就成為IMF的財(cái)產(chǎn)。 　　基金組織除理事會(huì)、執(zhí)行董事會(huì)、臨時(shí)委員會(huì)和發(fā)展委員會(huì)外，其內(nèi)部還有兩大利益集團(tuán)，即“七國(guó)集團(tuán)”(代表發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家利益)和“廿四國(guó)集團(tuán)”(代表發(fā)展中國(guó)家利益)，以及其他常設(shè)職能部門。執(zhí)行董事包括指定與選派兩種。因此，增資以后，國(guó)際上的流通性就趨擴(kuò)充，至于新創(chuàng)造特別條款，也在增加國(guó)際流動(dòng)性。 　　至于各會(huì)員國(guó)的表決權(quán)，則以各會(huì)員國(guó)所認(rèn)定的攤額為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?；饡?huì)的最高權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)為理事會(huì)，每個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)均可派任理事一名，通常由各該國(guó)的財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)或中央銀行總裁參加擔(dān)任。1980年4月17 日，IMF正式?jīng)Q定恢復(fù)中國(guó)的合法席位。其職能為匯率監(jiān)督、資金融通、提供國(guó)際貨幣合作與協(xié)商的場(chǎng)所。執(zhí)行董事的產(chǎn)生方法，凡基金會(huì)員國(guó)中，攤額最大的5個(gè)國(guó)家各可指派一名，而其余攤額較小的國(guó)家，必須聯(lián)合若干國(guó)家選出一名。 　　1976年3月22日，國(guó)際貨幣基金第6次決定增資，于1978年4月1日正式實(shí)施。理事通常由該成員國(guó)的財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)或中央銀行行長(zhǎng)擔(dān)任，有投票表決權(quán)。執(zhí)行董事會(huì)的職權(quán)主要有：接受理事會(huì)委托定期處理各種政策和行政事務(wù)，向理事會(huì)提交年度報(bào)告，并隨時(shí)對(duì)成員國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的重大問(wèn)題，特別是有關(guān)國(guó)際金融方面的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行全面研究?？偛每梢猿鱿硎聲?huì)和執(zhí)行董事會(huì)，但平時(shí)沒(méi)有投票權(quán)，只有在執(zhí)行董事會(huì)表決雙方票數(shù)相等時(shí)，才可以投決定性的一票。1992年調(diào)整擴(kuò)大后。％，％，因此，發(fā)展中國(guó)家在IMF中的發(fā)言權(quán)仍受到制約。 　　(2)在個(gè)別國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)上的監(jiān)督。討論后，專家小組寫出報(bào)告，供執(zhí)行董事會(huì)磋商、討論與分析成員國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)使用，并發(fā)表在一年兩期的《世界經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》和年度報(bào)告《國(guó)際資本市場(chǎng)》刊物上。亦稱普通提款權(quán)，是IMF最基本的貸款，期限不超過(guò)5年，主要用于成員國(guó)彌補(bǔ)國(guó)際收支逆差。設(shè)立于1963年2月，最初規(guī)定，當(dāng)成員國(guó)因自然災(zāi)害等無(wú)法控制的客觀原因造成初級(jí)產(chǎn)品出口收入下降，從而發(fā)生國(guó)際收支困難時(shí)，在原有的普通貸款以外，可另行申請(qǐng)此項(xiàng)專用貸款。設(shè)立于1969年6月，是一種為幫助初級(jí)產(chǎn)品出口國(guó)家維持庫(kù)存從而穩(wěn)定物價(jià)而發(fā)放的貸款。 　　 ⑦補(bǔ)充貸款(supplementary financing facility)。貸款條件優(yōu)惠，年利率僅為 0．5％～1％，期限一般為10年，且有5年寬限期，貸款最高限額為份額的70％。成員國(guó)要獲取該項(xiàng)貸款，必須制定一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定與制度改革方案，內(nèi)容包括財(cái)政貨幣制度改革和貨幣穩(wěn)定計(jì)劃、控制資本外逃計(jì)劃、經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)改革計(jì)劃以及市場(chǎng)體系培育計(jì)劃等，而貸款能否全部得到，還須借款國(guó)與IMF充分合作，并作出切實(shí)有效的努力。 　　IMF對(duì)成員國(guó)的貸款申請(qǐng)，始終是很慎重的，對(duì)那些已陷入危機(jī)而需巨額援助的成員國(guó)，更會(huì)附上嚴(yán)厲的貸款條件。但對(duì)于一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，要削減本國(guó)的社會(huì)消費(fèi)及重新安排原來(lái)優(yōu)先考慮的項(xiàng)目，不僅意味著其生活水準(zhǔn)的降低，還會(huì)增加潛在的政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。后來(lái)，基金已慢慢放寬會(huì)員國(guó)對(duì)于資金利用的限制，以配合實(shí)際的需要。 　?。?）基金的平價(jià)：國(guó)際貨幣基金對(duì)于外匯匯率采取平價(jià)制度，規(guī)定各會(huì)員國(guó)均須設(shè)定本國(guó)貨幣的平價(jià)。此種平價(jià)制度就是“可調(diào)整的盯住匯率”。s sovereign bonds.[5] A member39。n CarstensGuillermo Ortiz31778 Netherlands. Wellink. van Geest51874 Russian FederationAleksei KudrinSergey Ignatiev59704 Saudi ArabiaIbrahim A. AlAssafHamad AlSayari70105 SpainPedro SolbesMiguel Fern225。s economic problems.[15] The current — as of early 2006 — trend towards moderate leftwing governments in the region and a growing concern with the development of a regional economic policy largely independent of big business pressures has been ascribed to this crisis. Another example of where IMF Structural Adjustment Programmes aggravated the problem was in Kenya. Before the IMF got involved in the country, the Kenyan central bank oversaw all currency movements in and out of the country. The IMF mandated that the Kenyan central bank had to allow easier currency movement. However, the adjustment resulted in very little foreign investment, but allowed Kamlesh Manusuklal Damji Pattni, with the help of corrupt government officials, to siphon off billions of Kenyan shillings in what came to be known as the Goldenberg scandal, leaving the country worse off than it was before the IMF reforms were implemented.[citation needed] In a recent interview, the Prime Minister of Romania stated that Since 2005, IMF is constantly making mistakes when it appreciates the country39。s managing director has been European and the president of the World Bank has been from the United States. However, this standard is increasingly being questioned and petition for these two posts may soon open up to include other qualified candidates from any part of the world. Executive Directors, who confirm the managing director, are voted in by Finance Ministers from countries they represent. The First Deputy Managing Director of the IMF, the secondinmand, has traditionally been (and is today) an American. The IMF is for the most part controlled by the major Western Powers, with voting rights on the Executive board based on a quota derived from the relative size of a country in the global economy. Critics claim that the board rarely votes and passes issues contradicting the will of the US or Europeans, which bined represent the largest bloc of shareholders in the Fund. On the other hand, Executive Directors that represent emerging and developing countries have many times strongly defended the group of nations in their constituency. Alexandre Kafka, who represented several Latin American countries for 32 years as Executive Director (including 21 as the dean of the Board), is a prime example. Mohamed Finaish from Libya, the Executive Director representing the majority of the Arab World and Pakistan, was a tireless defender[citation needed] of the developing nations